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Survivalism is asocial movement of individuals or groups (calledsurvivalists,doomsday preppers orpreppers[1][2]) who proactively prepare for emergencies, such asnatural disasters, and other disasters causing disruption tosocial order (that is,civil disorder) caused by political or economic crises. Preparations may anticipate short-term scenarios or long-term, on scales ranging from personal adversity, to local disruption of services, to international orglobal catastrophe. There is no bright line dividing generalemergency preparedness fromprepping in the form of survivalism (these concepts are a spectrum), but a qualitative distinction is often recognized whereby preppers/survivalists prepare especially extensively because they have higher estimations of the risk of catastrophes happening. Nonetheless, prepping can be as limited as preparing for a personal emergency (such as losing one's job,storm damage to one's home, or getting lost in wooded terrain), or it can be as extensive as apersonal identity orcollective identity with a devoted lifestyle.
Survivalism emphasises self-reliance, stockpiling supplies, and gaining survival knowledge and skills. The stockpiling of supplies is itself a wide spectrum, fromsurvival kits (ready bags, bug-out bags) to entirebunkers in extreme cases.
Survivalists often acquirefirst aid andemergency medical/paramedic/field medicine training,self-defense training (martial arts,ad hoc weaponry,firearm safety), andimprovisation/self-sufficiency training, and they often build structures (survival retreats,underground shelters, etc.) or modify/fortify existing structures etc. that may help them survive acatastrophic failure of society.
Use of the termsurvivalist dates from the early 1980s.[3]
The origins of the modern survivalist movement in the United Kingdom and the United States include government policies, threats ofnuclear warfare, religious beliefs, and writers who warned of social oreconomic collapse in both non-fiction andapocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction.[citation needed]
TheCold War eracivil defense programs promoted public atomic bomb shelters, personalfallout shelters, and training for children, such as theDuck and Cover films.The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) has long directed its members to store a year's worth of food for themselves and their families in preparation for such possibilities,[4] and the current teaching advises beginning with at least a three-month supply.[4]
TheGreat Depression that followed theWall Street Crash of 1929 is cited by survivalists as an example of the need to be prepared.[5][6]
The increased inflation rate in the 1960s, the US monetarydevaluation, the continued concern over a possible nuclear exchange between the US and the Soviet Union, and perceived increasing vulnerability of urban centers to supply shortages and other systems failures caused a number of primarily conservative andlibertarian thinkers to promote individual preparations.Harry Browne began offering seminars on how to survive a monetary collapse in 1967, withDon Stephens (an architect) providing input on how to build and equip a remotesurvival retreat. He gave a copy of his originalRetreater's Bibliography to each seminar participant.[citation needed]
Articles on the subject appeared in small-distribution libertarian publications such asThe Innovator andAtlantis Quarterly. It was during this period that Robert D. Kephart began publishingInflation Survival Letter[7] (later renamedPersonal Finance). For several years the newsletter included a continuing section on personalpreparedness written by Stephens. It promoted expensive seminars around the US on similar cautionary topics. Stephens participated, along with James McKeever and other defensive investing, "hard money" advocates.
In the next decadeHoward Ruff warned about socio-economic collapse in his 1974 bookFamine and Survival in America. Ruff's book was published during a period of rampantinflation in the wake of the1973 oil crisis. Most of the elements of survivalism can be found there, including advice on food storage. The book championed the claim that precious metals, such asgold andsilver, have an intrinsic worth that makes them more usable in the event of a socioeconomic collapse thanfiat currency. Ruff later published milder variations of the same themes, such asHow to Prosper During the Coming Bad Years, a best-seller in 1979.
Firearms instructor and survivalist ColonelJeff Cooper wrote on hardening retreats againstsmall arms fire. In an article titled "Notes on Tactical Residential Architecture" in Issue #30 of P.S. Letter (April 1982), Cooper suggested using the "Vauban Principle", whereby projecting bastion corners would prevent miscreants from being able to approach a retreat's exterior walls in any blind spots. Depending on the size of the group needing shelter, design elements of traditional Europeancastle architecture, and ChineseFujian Tulou and Mexican walled courtyard houses, have been suggested for survival retreats.
Bruce D. Clayton andJoel Skousen have both written extensively on integrating fallout shelters into retreat homes, but they put less emphasis on ballistic protection and exterior perimeter security than Cooper and Rawles.
Other newsletters and books followed in the wake of Ruff's first publication. In 1975,Kurt Saxon began publishing a monthlytabloid-size newsletter calledThe Survivor, which combined Saxon's editorials with reprints of 19th century and early 20th century writings on variouspioneer skills and old technologies. Kurt Saxon used the termsurvivalist to describe the movement, and he claims to have coined the term.[8]
In the previous decade, preparedness consultant, survival bookseller, and California-based author Don Stephens popularized the termretreater to describe those in the movement, referring to preparations to leave cities for remote havens or survival retreats should society break down. In 1976, before moving to theInland Northwest, he and his wife authored and publishedThe Survivor's Primer & Up-dated Retreater's Bibliography.
For a time in the 1970s, the termssurvivalist andretreater were used interchangeably. While the termretreater eventually fell into disuse, many who subscribed to it saw retreating as the more rational approach to conflict-avoidance and remote "invisibility".Survivalism, on the other hand, tended to take on a more media-sensationalized, combative, "shoot-it-out-with-the-looters" image.[8]
One newsletter deemed by some to be one of the most important on survivalism and survivalist retreats in the 1970s was thePersonal Survival ("P.S.") Letter (circa 1977–1982). Published byMel Tappan, who also authored the booksSurvival Guns andTappan on Survival. The newsletter included columns from Tappan himself and notable survivalists such asJeff Cooper,Al J Venter,Bruce D. Clayton,Nancy Mack Tappan, J.B. Wood (author of several gunsmithing books),Karl Hess, Janet Groene (travel author),Dean Ing,Reginald Bretnor, and C.G. Cobb (author ofBad Times Primer). The majority of the newsletter revolved around selecting, constructing, and logistically equipping survival retreats.[9] Following Tappan's death in 1980, Karl Hess took over publishing the newsletter, eventually renaming itSurvival Tomorrow.
In 1980,John Pugsley published the bookThe Alpha Strategy. It was onThe New York Times Best Seller list for nine weeks in 1981.[10][11] After 28 years in circulation,The Alpha Strategy remains popular with survivalists, and is considered a standard reference on stocking food and household supplies as a hedge against inflation and future shortages.[12][13]
In addition to hardcopy newsletters, in the 1970s survivalists established their first online presence withBBS[14][15] andUsenet forums dedicated to survivalism and survival retreats.
Further interest in the survivalist movement peaked in the early 1980s, with Howard Ruff's bookHow to Prosper During the Coming Bad Years and the publication in 1980 ofLife After Doomsday byBruce D. Clayton. Clayton's book, coinciding with a renewedarms race between theUnited States andSoviet Union, marked a shift in emphasis in preparations made by survivalists away from economic collapse, famine, and energy shortages—which were concerns in the 1970s—to nuclear war. In the early 1980s, science fiction writerJerry Pournelle was an editor and columnist forSurvive, a survivalist magazine, and was influential in the survivalist movement.[16]Ragnar Benson's 1982 bookLive Off The Land In The City And Country suggested rural survival retreats as both a preparedness measure and conscious lifestyle change.
Interest in the movement picked up during theClinton administration due in part to the debate surrounding theFederal Assault Weapons Ban and the ban's subsequent passage in 1994. The interest peaked again in 1999 triggered by fears of theY2K computer bug. Before extensive efforts were made to rewrite computer programming code to mitigate the effects, some writers such asGary North,Ed Yourdon,James Howard Kunstler,[17] and investments' advisor Ed Yardeni anticipated widespread power outages, food and gasoline shortages, and other emergencies. North and others raised the alarm because they thought Y2K code fixes were not being made quickly enough. While a range of authors responded to this wave of concern, two of the most survival-focused texts to emerge wereBoston on Y2K (1998) byKenneth W. Royce, and Mike Oehler'sThe Hippy Survival Guide to Y2K. Oehler is anunderground living advocate, who also authoredThe $50 and Up Underground House Book,[18] which has long been popular in survivalist circles.
Another wave of survivalism began after theSeptember 11, 2001, attacks and subsequent bombings inBali,Madrid, andLondon. This resurgence of interest in survivalism appears to be as strong as the 1970s era focus on the topic. The fear of war,avian influenza, energy shortages,environmental disasters, and globalclimate change, coupled with economic uncertainty and the apparent vulnerability of humanity after the2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami andHurricane Katrina, have increased interest in survivalism topics.[19]
Many books were published in the wake of theGreat Recession from 2008 and later offering survival advice for various potential disasters, ranging from an energy shortage and crash tonuclear orbiological terrorism. In addition to the 1970s-era books,blogs and Internet forums are popular ways of disseminating survivalism information. Online survival websites and blogs discuss survival vehicles, survival retreats, emerging threats, and list survivalist groups.
In both his bookRawles on Retreats and Relocation and in his survivalist novel,Patriots: A Novel of Survival in the Coming Collapse, James Wesley Rawles describes in great detail retreat groups "upgrading" brick or other masonry houses to that of asecurity compound with steel reinforced window shutters and doors, excavating anti-vehicular ditches, installinggate locks, constructingconcertina wire obstacles andfougasses, and setting up listening post/observation posts (LP/OPs.) Rawles is a proponent of including amantrap foyer at survival retreats, an architectural element that he calls a "crushroom".[20]
Economic troubles emerging from the credit collapse triggered by the 2007US subprime mortgage lending crisis and global grain shortages[21][22][23][19] prompted a wider cross-section of the populace to prepare.[23][24]
The advent ofH1N1 Swine Flu in 2009 piqued interest in survivalism, significantly boosting sales of preparedness books and making survivalism more mainstream.[25]
Television shows such as theNational Geographic Channel'sDoomsday Preppers emerged to capitalize on whatLos Angeles Times entertainment contributor Mary McNamara dubbed "today'szeitgeist of fear of a world-changing event".[26]
After the 2012Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, the "prepper" community worried they would face public scrutiny after it was revealed the perpetrator's mother was a survivalist.[27] Earlier that year, a double homicide was committed by survivalist Peter Keller, who admitted to killing his wife and daughter in a video diary. He killed himself while evading capture in abunker he built inRattlesnake Ridge inKing County, Washington.[28][29] Both were cited byThe Christian Science Monitor as examples of survivalism being tied to violence.[29]
During the ongoingCOVID-19 pandemic, which was declared aPublic Health Emergency of International Concern by theWorld Health Organization in early 2020[30] and theRussian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present), survivalism has received renewed interest, even by those who are not traditionally considered preppers.[31][32][33][34][35]
Survivalism is approached by its adherents in different ways, depending on their circumstances, mindsets, and particular concerns for the future.[36] The following are characterizations, although most (if not all) survivalists fit into more than one category:
While some survivalists believe in long-term viability of Western civilization, they learn principles and techniques needed for surviving life-threatening situations that can occur at any time and place. They prepare for such calamities that could result in physical harm or requiring immediate attention or defense from threats. These disasters could be biotic or abiotic. Survivalists combat disasters by attempting to prevent and mitigate damage caused by these factors.[37][38]
This group stresses being able to stay alive for indefinite periods in life-threatening wilderness scenarios, including plane crashes, shipwrecks, and being lost in the woods. Concerns are: thirst, hunger, climate, terrain, health, stress, and fear.[37] The rule of 3 is often emphasized as common practice for wilderness survival. The rule states that a human can survive:3 minutes without air,3 hours without shelter,3 days without water,3 weeks without food.[39]
This group focuses on surviving brief encounters of violent activity, including personal protection and its legal ramifications, danger awareness,John Boyd's cycle (also known as theOODA loop—observe, orient, decide and act),Combatives, martial arts,unarmed combat, Melee weapons, self-defense tactics and tools (both lethal and non-lethal). These survivalist tactics are often firearm-oriented, in order to ensure a method of defense against attackers orhome invasion.
This group consists of people who live in tornado, hurricane, flood, wildfire, earthquake or heavy snowfall-prone areas and want to be prepared for possible emergencies.[40] They invest in material for fortifying structures and tools for rebuilding and constructing temporary shelters. While assuming the long-term continuity of society, some may have invested in a custom-built shelter, food, water, medicine, and enough supplies to get by until contact with the rest of the world resumes following a natural emergency.[37]
This group is concerned with weather cycles of 2–10 years, which have happened historically and can cause crop failures.[22] They might stock several tons of food per family member and have a heavy-duty greenhouse with canned non-hybrid seeds.[41]
This group considers an end to society as it exists today under possible scenarios includingglobal warming,global cooling,environmental degradation,[23] warming or cooling of gulf stream waters, or a period of severely cold winters caused by asupervolcano, anasteroid strike, ornuclear warfare.
This group is concerned with the spread of fatal diseases, biological agents, and nerve gases, includingCOVID-19,swine flu,E. coli,botulism,dengue fever,Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease,SARS,rabies,Hantavirus,anthrax,plague,cholera,HIV,ebola,Marburg virus,Lassa virus,sarin, andVX.[42] In response, they might own NBC (nuclear, biological and chemical) full-face respirators, polyethylene coveralls, PVC boots,nitrile gloves, plastic sheeting andduct tape.
Monetary disaster investors believe theFederal Reserve system is fundamentally flawed. Newsletters suggest hard assets of gold and silver bullion, coins, and other precious-metal-oriented investments such as mining shares. Survivalists prepare for paper money to become worthless through hyperinflation. As of late 2009 this is a popular scenario.[43][44][45] Many will stockpile bullion in preparation for a market crash that would destroy the value of global currencies.
These individuals studyEnd Times prophecy and believe that one of various scenarios might occur in their lifetime. While some Christians (and even people of other religions) believe that theRapture will follow a period ofTribulation, others believe that the Rapture is imminent and will precede the Tribulation ("Pre-Trib Rapture"). There is a wide range of beliefs and attitudes in this group. They run the gamut from pacifist to armed camp, and from having no food stockpiles (leaving their sustenance up to God's providence) to storing decades' worth of food. Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints are counseled to store up to two years' worth of food and supplies to aid in the event of a natural disaster or long-term economic hardship, such as unemployment.
This group believes thatpeak oil is a near term threat to Western civilization,[46] and take appropriate measures,[47] usually involving relocation to an agriculturally self-sufficient survival retreat.[48]
This group has a primary concern with maintaining some form of legal system and social cohesion after a breakdown in the technical infrastructure of society. They are interested in works likeThe Postman byDavid Brin,[49]Lewis Dartnell'sThe Knowledge: How to Rebuild Our World from Scratch,[50] or Marcus B. Hatfield'sThe American Common Law: The Customary Law of the American Nation.[51]
Common preparations include the creation of a clandestine or defensible retreat, haven, orbug out location (BOL) in addition to the stockpiling of non-perishable food, water (i.e. usingwater canisters), water-purification equipment, clothing, seed, firewood, defensive or hunting weapons, ammunition,agricultural equipment, and medical supplies.[2] Some survivalists do not make such extensive preparations, and simply incorporate a "Be Prepared" outlook into their everyday life.
A bag of gear, often referred to as a "bug out bag" (BOB) or "get out of dodge" (G.O.O.D.) kit,[52] can be created which contains basic necessities and useful items. It can be of any size, weighing as much as the user is able to carry.
Survivalists' concerns and preparations have changed over the years. During the 1970s, fears were economic collapse, hyperinflation, andfamine. Preparations includedfood storage and survival retreats in the country which could be farmed. Some survivalists stockpiledprecious metals andbarterable goods (such as common-caliber ammunition) because they assumed that paper currency would become worthless. During the early 1980s, nuclear war became a common fear, and some survivalists constructed fallout shelters.
In 1999, many people purchasedelectric generators, water purifiers, and several months or even years worth of food in anticipation of widespread power outages because of theY2K computer-bug. Between 2013 and 2019, many people purchased those same items in anticipation of widespread chaos following the2016 election and the events leading up to theCOVID-19 pandemic.
Instead of moving or making such preparations at home, many people also make plans to remain in their current locations until an actual breakdown occurs, when they will—in survivalist parlance—"bug out" or "get out of Dodge" to a safer location.
Other survivalists have more specialized concerns, often related to an adherence toapocalyptic religious beliefs.
SomeevangelicalChristians hold to an interpretation of Bibleprophecy known as theposttribulation rapture, in which the world will have to go through a seven-year period of war and global dictatorship known as the "Great Tribulation". Jim McKeever helped popularize survival preparations among this branch of evangelical Christians with his 1978 bookChristians Will Go Through the Tribulation, and How To Prepare For It.
Similarly, some Catholics are preppers, based onMarian apparitions which speak of a great chastisement of humanity by God, particularly those associated withOur Lady of Fatima andOur Lady of Akita (which states "fire will fall from the sky and will wipe out a great part of humanity").
People who are not part of survivalist groups or apolitically oriented religious groups also make preparations for emergencies. This can include (depending on the location) preparing for earthquakes,floods,power outages, blizzards,avalanches,wildfires, terrorist attacks,nuclear power plant accidents,hazardous material spills, tornadoes, and hurricanes. These preparations can be as simple as following Red Cross and U.S.Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) recommendations by keeping a first aid kit, shovel, and extra clothes in the car, or by maintaining a small kit of emergency supplies, containing emergency food, water, a space blanket, and other essentials.
Mainstream economist and financial adviserBarton Biggs is a proponent of preparedness. In his 2008 bookWealth, War and Wisdom, Biggs has a gloomy outlook for the economic future, and suggests that investors take survivalist measures. In the book, Biggs recommends that his readers should "assume the possibility of a breakdown of the civilized infrastructure." He goes so far as to recommend setting up survival retreats:[54] "Your safe haven must be self-sufficient and capable of growing some kind of food," Mr. Biggs writes. "It should be well-stocked with seed, fertilizer, canned food, medicine, clothes, etc. ThinkSwiss Family Robinson. Even in America and Europe, there could be moments of riot and rebellion when law and order temporarily completely breaks down."[23]
Forglobal catastrophic risks the costs offood storage become impractical for most of the population[55] and for some such catastrophes conventional agriculture would not function due to the loss of a large fraction of sunlight (e.g. duringnuclear winter or asupervolcano). In such situations, alternative food is necessary, which is convertingnatural gas andwood fiber to human edible food.[56] The field of resilient food has matured and now there are dozens of options.[57]
Survivalists maintain their group identity and subculture by using specialized terminology/slang etc not generally understood outside their circles. They often use government/military/paramilitary acronyms such asOPSEC andSOP, and terminology common among adherents tocivilian gun culture or thepeak oil scenario. They also use terms that are unique to their own survivalist cells/factions etc or even use street slang etc.
Despite a lull following the end of the Cold War, survivalism has gained greater attention in recent years, resulting in increased popularity of the survivalist lifestyle, and increased scrutiny.[2] ANational Geographic show interviewing survivalists,Doomsday Preppers (2011–2014), was a "ratings bonanza"[58] and "the network's most-watched series",[59] yet Neil Genzlinger inThe New York Times declared it an "absurd excess on display and at what an easy target the prepper worldview is for ridicule," noting, "how offensively anti-life these shows are, full of contempt for humankind."[60] Nevertheless, this show occupies a key position in the discourse on preppers.[2]
In popular culture, survivalism has been associated withactivities of the self-proclaimed "militias" in the United States andelsewhere. Some survivalists do take active defensive preparations that havemilitaresque roots and that involvesmall arms, and this aspect is sometimes emphasized by the mass media.[36][61]Kurt Saxon is one proponent of this approach to armed survivalism.
The potential for social collapse is often cited as motivation for being well-armed.[62] Thus, some non-militaristic survivalists have developed an unintended quasi-militaristic image.
The U.S.Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in their "If You See Something, Say Something" campaign says that "the public should report only suspicious behavior and situations...rather than beliefs, thoughts, ideas, expressions, associations, or speech...".[63] However, it is alleged that a DHS list of the characteristics of potential domestic terrorists used in law enforcement training includes "Survivalist literature (fictional books such asPatriots andOne Second After are mentioned by name)", "Self-sufficiency (stockpiling food, ammo, hand tools, medical supplies)", and "Fear of economic collapse (buying gold and barter items)".[64][65][unreliable source]
Individual survivalist preparedness and survivalist groups and forums—both formal and informal—are popular worldwide, most visibly in Australia,[66][67] Austria (ÖWSGV),[68] Belgium, Canada,[69]Spain,[70] France,[71][72] Germany[73] (often organized under the guise of "adventuresport" clubs),[74] Italy,[75] the Netherlands,[76] Sweden,[77][78][79] Switzerland,[80] the United Kingdom,[81] South Africa[82] and the United States.[23]
Adherents of theback-to-the-land movement inspired byHelen andScott Nearing, sporadically popular in the United States in the 1930s and 1970s (exemplified byThe Mother Earth News magazine), share many of the same interests in self-sufficiency and preparedness. Back-to-the-landers differ from most survivalists in that they have a greater interest inecology andcounterculture. Despite these differences,The Mother Earth News was widely read by survivalists and back-to-the-landers during that magazine's early years, and there was some overlap between the two movements.
Anarcho-primitivists (often shortened to "Anprim", "An-Prim", or "AnPrim") share many characteristics with survivalists, most notably predictions of a pending ecological disaster; one of the most famous An-Prims beingTheodore Kaczynski. Writers such asDerrick Jensen argue that industrial civilization is not sustainable, and will therefore inevitably bring about its own collapse. Non-anarchist writers such asDaniel Quinn,Joseph Tainter, andRichard Manning also hold this view. Some members of theMen Going Their Own Way subculture also promoteoff-grid living and believe that modern society is no longer liveable.[83]
Survivalism and survivalist themes have been fictionalized in print, film, and electronic media.
The movie and seriesTremors show a prepper who actually killed a "worm" invading his emergency shelter with heavy small arms fire, and killing other worms with homemade grenades.
The 1983 filmThe Survivors starringWalter Matthau,Robin Williams andJerry Reed, used survivalism as part of its plot.Michael Gross andReba McEntire played a survivalist married couple in the 1990 filmTremors and its sequels. Both of these films were comedies. The 1988 filmDistant Thunder, starringJohn Lithgow, concernedVietnam War veterans suffering frompost-traumatic stress disorder who, similarly to some survivalists, withdrew to the wilderness.
Several television shows such asDoomsday Castle,[84]Doomsday Preppers,[85]Survivorman,Man vs Wild[86]Man, Woman, Wild,[87]Alone andNaked and Afraid are based on the concept of survivalism.[88]
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