 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Surbahar" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(July 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
 | |
| Classification | |
|---|---|
| Related instruments | |
Surbahar (Hindi pronunciation:[s̪urbəhɑːr];transl. Springtime of Notes)[1] sometimes known asbass sitar, is aplucked string instrument used in theHindustani classical music of theIndian subcontinent. It is closely related to thesitar, but has a lower pitch. Depending on the instrument's size, it is usually pitched two to five whole steps below the standard sitar.
The surbahar is over 130 cm (51 inches). It uses a driedgourd as a resonator, and has a neck with very wide frets, which allow aglissando or "meend" of as much as an octave on the same fret through the method of pulling. The neck is made out oftoona, ormahogany wood. It has 3-4 rhythm strings (chikari), four playing strings (the broadest 1 mm), and 10 to 11sympathetic strings. There are two bridges; the playable strings pass over the greater bridge, which is connected to the tabli with small legs, which are glued in place. The sympathetic strings pass over the smaller bridge which is directly glued on the tabli. The bridges have a slightly curved upper surface parallel to the string that the strings touch when vibrating, which results in a buzzing sound known as jawari. The body of the instrument is similar to that of a sitar, in that it is made of a large dried gourd with a carved wood face on one side and joined to the neck by a carved wooden yoke or "gulu". It differs in that most surbahars have a gourd that is larger and tilted 90º so that the bottom of the gourd is to the back of the instrument, creating a shallower and rounder body for an enhanced bass response.
The instrumentalist plays the strings using aplectrum of bent steel wire, themizrab, which is fixed on the index finger of the player's right hand. Three plectrums are used on the first three fingers to play thedhrupad style ofalap,jor, andjhala on surbahar. In thedhrupad style, instead of performing thesitarkhani andmasitkhani gats, the instrumentalist plays the slowdhrupad composition in accompaniment withpakhawaj.
Some researchers believe that surbahar was invented around 1825. At the time, theveena, which is considered a holy instrument associated with the goddessSaraswati, was only taught to descendants of veena players. The development of the surbahar was due in part to the desire to play in a lower range similar to that of the veena.
Surbahar was invented byOmrao Khan Beenkar and Ghulam Mohammad was his disciple. Omrao Khan Beenkar was the grandfather ofWazir Khan of Rampur. The invention is also attributed to Ustad Sahebdad Khan. Recent research shows thatLucknow-based sitarist Ustad Ghulam Mohammed may also have been the inventor.[2] A similar kind of instrument , known as theMahakachhapi Vina, is also known to exist during that period.[3]
