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AMOLED (active-matrix organic light-emitting diode;/ˈæmoʊˌlɛd/) is a type ofOLED display device technology. OLED describes a specific type of thin-film-display technology in whichorganic compounds form theelectroluminescent material, andactive matrix refers to the technology behind the addressing ofpixels.
Since 2007, AMOLED displays have been used in mobile phones, media players, TVs, and digital cameras.[1] The current progress for this technology is towards lower power usage, lower cost, and higher screen resolutions (e.g., 8K).[2][3][4]
An AMOLED display consists of anactive matrix ofOLED pixels generating light (luminescence) upon electrical activation that have been deposited or integrated onto athin-film transistor (TFT) array, which functions as a series of switches to control the current flowing to each individualpixel.[5]
Typically, thiscontinuous current flow is controlled by at least two TFTs at each pixel (to trigger the luminescence), with one TFT to start and stop the charging of a storagecapacitor and the second to provide avoltage source at the level needed to create a constant current to the pixel, thereby eliminating the need for the very high currents required forpassive-matrix OLED operation.[6]
TFTbackplane technology is crucial in the fabrication of AMOLED displays. In AMOLEDs, the two primary TFT backplane technologies,polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) andamorphous silicon (a-Si), are currently used offering the potential for directly fabricating the active-matrix backplanes at low temperatures (below 150 °C) onto flexible plastic substrates for producingflexible AMOLED displays.[7]
AMOLED display research was initiated bySteven Van Slyke andChing Wan Tang, who pioneered the organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology at Eastman Kodak Co. in 1979.[8] The first AMOLED displays were introduced in the early 2000s, with Samsung being the first company to commercialize AMOLED displays. One of the earliest consumer electronics products with an AMOLED display was the mobile handset,BenQ-Siemens S88.[9] In 2007, theiriver Clix 2 portable media player.[10] In 2008 it appeared on theNokia N85 followed by the Samsung i7110 - bothNokia andSamsung Electronics were early adopters of this technology on their smartphones.[11]
Manufacturers have developed in-cell touch panels, integrating the production of capacitivesensor arrays in the AMOLED module fabrication process. Researchers atDuPont used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software to optimize coating processes for a new solution-coated AMOLED display technology that is competitive in cost and performance with existingchemical vapor deposition (CVD) technology. Using custom modeling and analytic approaches, Samsung has developed short and long-range film-thickness control and uniformity that is commercially viable at large glass sizes.[12]
AMOLED displays are proved to be better at providing higher refresh rates than those of passive-matrix,[13][14] often have response times less than a millisecond,[15] and they consume significantly lesspower.[16] This advantage makes active-matrix OLEDs well-suited for portable electronics due to its high productivity for everyday use. AMOLED also stands higher in the field of less power consumer than OLED, because "each pixel have their own light and can be controlled leading to better power control and amplification", where power consumption is critical to battery life.[17]
The amount of power the display consumes varies significantly depending on the color and brightness shown. As an example, one old OLED display consumes 0.3 watts while showing white text on a black background, but more than 0.7 watts showing black text on a white background, while anLCD may consume only a constant 0.35 watts regardless of what is being shown on screen. A new FHD+ or WQHD+ display will consume much more.[18] Because the black pixels turn completely off, AMOLED also has contrast ratios that are significantly higher than LCDs.[19]
AMOLED displays are often difficult to see in direct sunlight compared with LCDs because of their reduced maximum brightness.[20] Super AMOLED, a modern technology, addresses this issue by reducing the size of gaps between layers of the screen.[21][22] Additionally,PenTile technology is often used for a higher resolution display while requiring fewer subpixels than needed otherwise, sometimes resulting in a display less sharp and more grainy than a non-PenTile display with the same resolution.[23] The organic materials used in AMOLED displays are very prone to degradation over a relatively short period of time, resulting in color shifts as one color fades faster than another,image persistence, orburn-in.[24][25]
Super AMOLED is a marketing term created bySamsung for an AMOLED display with an integrated touch screendigitizer, the layer that detects touch is integrated into the display, rather than overlaid on top of it and cannot be separated from the display itself. When compared with a regular LCD display an AMOLED display consumes less power, provides more vivid picture quality, and renders faster motion response as compared to other display technologies such as LCD.[26] However, such type of AMOLED is even better at this with 20% brighter screen, 20% lower power consumption and 80% less sunlight reflection. According to the Samsung, Super AMOLED reflects one-fifth as much sunlight as the first generation AMOLED.[27][28] The generic term for this technology isOne Glass Solution (OGS), a touchscreen technology that combines the touch sensor and cover glass into a single layer, reducing overall thickness and improving optical clarity. This is achieved by coating and etching theITO (Indium Tin Oxide) layer directly onto the cover glass, eliminating the need for a separate sensor glass and an air gap.[29]
Super AMOLED displays, while known for their vivid colors and deep blacks, also have some drawbacks, including higher manufacturing costs, potential for screen burn-in, and shorter lifespan compared to some other technologies.[30]
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Below is a mapping table of marketing terms versus resolutions and sub-pixel types. Note how the pixel density relates to choices of sub-pixel type.
| Term | Reso- lution | Size (inches) | PPI | Color depth (bits) | Pixel layout | Used in |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMOLED | 320×240 | 2.2 | 182 | iriver clix 2 | ||
| 2.6 | 154 | RGBGPenTile | Nokia N85 | |||
| AMOLED Capacitive Touchscreen | 640×360 | 3.2 | 229 | Nokia C6-01 | ||
| Super AMOLED | 3.5 | 210 | RGB S-Stripe | Nokia N8 | ||
| 4.0 | 184 | Nokia 808 PureView | ||||
| 720×720 | 3.1 | 328 | BlackBerry Q10 | |||
| 854×480 | 3.9 | 251 | RGBGPenTile | Nokia N9 | ||
| 800×480 | 4.0 | 233 | Samsung Galaxy S | |||
| 960×540 | 4.3 | 256 | RGB S-Stripe | Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini | ||
| 1280×768 | 4.5 | 332 | RGBGPenTile | Nokia Lumia 1020 | ||
| Super AMOLED Plus | 800×480 | 4.3 (4.27) | 218 | RGB stripe | Samsung Galaxy S II | |
| Super AMOLED Advanced | 960×540 | 4.3 | 256 | RGBGPenTile | Motorola Droid RAZR | |
| HD Super AMOLED | 1280×800 | 5.3 (5.29) | 285 | Samsung Galaxy Note | ||
| 1280×720 | 5.0 | 295 | RGB S-Stripe | BlackBerry Z30 Samsung Galaxy J7 Samsung Galaxy J5 Samsung Galaxy E5 Samsung Galaxy J3 (2016) | ||
| 4.7 (4.65) | 316 | RGBGPenTile | Samsung Galaxy Nexus | |||
| 4.7 (4.65) | 316 | RGB S-Stripe | Moto X (1st generation) | |||
| 4.8 | 306 | RGBGPenTile | Samsung Galaxy S III | |||
| 5.6 (5.55) | 267 | RGB S-Stripe | Samsung Galaxy Note II | |||
| 5.6 (5.55) | 267 | Samsung Galaxy Note 3 Neo | ||||
| HD Super AMOLED Plus | 1280×800 | 7.7 | 197 | RGB stripe | Samsung Galaxy Tab 7.7 | |
| Full HD Super AMOLED | 1920×1080 | 5.5 | 400 | RGBGPenTile | Meizu MX5 | |
| 5.0 (4.99) | 441 | Samsung Galaxy S4 | ||||
| 5.0 (4.99) | 441 | OnePlus X | ||||
| 5.0 (4.99) | 441 | Google Pixel | ||||
| 5.2 | 423 | Motorola Moto X (2nd gen) | ||||
| 5.1 | 432 | Samsung Galaxy S5 | ||||
| 5.5 | 401 | OnePlus 3 OnePlus 3T OnePlus 5 | ||||
| 5.7 | 388 | Samsung Galaxy Note 3 | ||||
| Full HD+ Super AMOLED | 2160×1080 | 6.0 | 402 | Google Pixel 3 | ||
| 6.0 | 402 | Huawei Mate 10 Pro | ||||
| 2220x1080 | 6.01 | 411 | Samsung Galaxy A8+ (2018) | |||
| Full HD+ Super AMOLED | 2220x1080 | 5.61 | 441 | Samsung Galaxy A8 (2018) | ||
| Super Retina HD | 2436×1125 | 5.8 (5.85) | 458 | Apple iPhone X iPhone XS iPhone 11 Pro | ||
| 2688×1242 | 6.5 (6.46) | iPhone XS Max iPhone 11 Pro Max | ||||
| WQHD Super AMOLED | 2560×1440 | 5.1 | 577 | Samsung Galaxy S6 Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge Samsung Galaxy S6 Active Samsung Galaxy S7 Samsung Galaxy S7 Active | ||
| 5.2 | 564 | Microsoft Lumia 950 | ||||
| 5.2 | 565 | Motorola Droid Turbo | ||||
| 5.4 | 540 | BlackBerry Priv | ||||
| 5.5 | 534 | BlackBerry DTEK60 Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge Google Pixel XL Alcatel Idol 4S vodafone smart platinum 7(Alcatel Sol Prime) Moto Z Moto Z Force ZTE Axon 7 | ||||
| 5.7 | 515 | 8 | Samsung Galaxy Note 4 Samsung Galaxy Note 5 Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge+ Nexus 6P Samsung Galaxy Note 7 | |||
| 5.7 | 518 | Microsoft Lumia 950 XL | ||||
| 2960×1440 | 5.8 | 571 | Samsung Galaxy S8 Samsung Galaxy S9 | |||
| 6.2 | 529 | Samsung Galaxy S8+ Samsung Galaxy S9+ | ||||
| 6.3 | 521 | Samsung Galaxy Note 8 | ||||
| 6.4 | 514 | Samsung Galaxy Note 9 | ||||
| WQXGA Super AMOLED | 2560×1600 | 8.4 | 359 | Samsung Galaxy Tab S 8.4 | ||
| 10.5 | 287 | RGB S-Stripe | Samsung Galaxy Tab S 10.5 | |||
| 3K AMOLED | 2880×1600 | 3.5 | 615 | (unknown) | HTC Vive Focus Plus[31] | |
| Dynamic AMOLED | 2280x1080 3040x1440 2280x1080 3040x1440 3040x1440 | 5.8 6.1 6.3 6.4 6.8 | 438 550 401 522 498 | Samsung Galaxy S10e | ||
| Dynamic AMOLED 2X | 2208×1768 2400x1080 3200x1440 | 7.6 6.1 6.4 6.7 6.8 6.9 | 373(Display resolution for Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 2) 386(External display resolution for Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 2) 563 525 511 421 394 515 411 374(Display resolution for Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 3) | RGBGPenTile | Samsung Galaxy S20 Samsung Galaxy S20+ Samsung Galaxy S20 Ultra (Samsung Galaxy Note 20) (Samsung Galaxy Note 20 Ultra) Samsung Galaxy S21+ Samsung Galaxy S21 Ultra Samsung Galaxy S21 FE Samsung Galaxy S22+ Samsung Galaxy S22 Ultra Samsung Galaxy S23+ Samsung Galaxy S23 Ultra Samsung Galaxy S24+ Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra Samsung Galaxy S25+ Samsung Galaxy S25 Ultra | |
| Fluid AMOLED | 3120x1440 | 6.67 | 516 | OnePlus 7 Pro |
Flagship smartphones sold in 2020 and 2021 used AMOLED. These displays, such as the one on theGalaxy S21+ /S21 Ultra andGalaxy Note 20 Ultra have often been compared toIPS LCDs, found in phones such as theXiaomi Mi 10T, Huawei Nova 5T, and Samsung Galaxy A20e.[32][33][34] For example, according to ABI Research, the AMOLED display found in theMotorola Moto X draws just 92 mA during bright conditions and 68 mA while dim.[35] On the other hand, compared with the IPS, the yield rate of AMOLED is low; the cost is also higher.
Future displays exhibited from 2011 to 2013 by Samsung have shown flexible, 3D, transparent Super AMOLED Plus displays using very high resolutions and in varying sizes for phones. These unreleased prototypes use apolymer as a substrate removing the need for glass cover, a metal backing, and touch matrix, combining them into one integrated layer.[36]
So far, Samsung plans on branding the newer displays as Youm,[37] or y-octa.[38]
Also planned for the future are 3D stereoscopic displays that use eye-tracking (via stereoscopic front-facing cameras) to provide full resolution 3D visuals.
Recent progress in blue OLED materials, particularly the commercial adoption of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and novel phosphorescent compounds, has addressed one of the biggest hurdles for AMOLED displays: the relatively short lifespan and lower efficiency of blue emitters.[39] In 2024, Samsung announced a breakthrough blue OLED with a TADF design, extending operational lifetime up to 100,000 hours and reducing power consumption in high-end AMOLED panels.[40]
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