TheSunshine Special is a modified 1939Lincoln Model K limousine that was used as theofficial state car by United States presidentsFranklin D. Roosevelt andHarry Truman. Said to have been the "First Presidential car to acquire its own personality", and most closely associated with FDR,[1] theV12 powered four-door convertible was specifically modified for the president bycoachbuilder Brunn & Company at a cost of $4,950, $111,896 in 2024 dollars[2] (the original cost of the car, before any modifications, was $8,348.74, $188,731 in 2024 dollars[2].[3]
Initially called "Old 99," in reference to a number on its first license plate, it was later nicknamed the "Sunshine Special"[4] for itsconvertible roof. In spite of a previousassassination attempt on Roosevelt while riding in aBuick convertible, the president still famously enjoyed appearing in the Lincoln as an open car in parades and public gatherings.
TheSunshine Special was originally aLincoln K-series built by theLincoln division ofFord, and modified by Brunn & Company to U.S. government specifications. It was powered by a 150hp, 414 cubic inchV12 L-head engine. The limousine was originally equipped with a siren, running lights, and a 2-way radio, as well as extra-wide running boards and grab handles forSecret Service agents. The vehicle had a convertible roof, which gave the car its nickname.
It quickly became known as a favorite of the president, who sometimes appeared before crowds without actually leaving the vehicle, allowing him to conceal that he was a polio survivor forced to use crutches and a wheelchair. There are newsreels of the time showing the car being driven on stage, such as at the podium constructed for a campaign appearance atEbbets Field in New York in 1944, documenting the gambit.
After theJapanese attack on Pearl Harbor, theSecret Service began to express concern over potentialassassination attempts on the president, as his limousine was not armored and had no protective features. The Secret Service did not use Al Capone's car for his visit to Congress at the United States Capitol on 8 December, in spite of the myth even being featured in the History Channel documentaryPearl Harbor: 24 Hours After.[5][6]
The Sunshine Special was modified to be capable of protecting him, with armor plating for the doors, bullet-proof tires, inch-thick windows and storage compartments for pistols and sub-machine guns. All of the safety modifications increased the car's weight to 9,300 pounds (4,218 kg). Despite these precautions, Roosevelt preferred to ride with the top down during parades and at most public gatherings. The car was "refreshed" by being fitted with modified front end parts from the 1942Lincoln-Zephyr.
When the president traveled theSunshine Special, along with other Secret Service vehicles, was either driven to the president's destination if nearby, or transported on a special rail car, outfitted with equipment and supplies to maintain the vehicles if far.
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Although some sources allege theSunshine Special was transported to the wartimeTehran,Casablanca,Malta, andYalta conferences during World War II, there appears to be no evidence to confirm this. Wartime censorship makes these claims difficult to disprove. While there are many photographs and newsreels of President Roosevelt riding in standard military-issue Jeeps during the aforementioned overseas trips, there are no photographs of theSunshine Special taken on these occasions.
The need to maintain secrecy about the president's travel during wartime makes it highly unlikely his special limousine would have been used overseas. And the President only attended, and appeared in public in, venues protected by military troops. The practice of transporting presidential limousines overseas did not start until peace had been restored postwar. In March 1947Life featured a photograph of President Truman visiting the pyramids at Teotihuacan near Mexico City, appearing to be riding in theSunshine Special.
After Roosevelt's death in 1945 theSunshine Special remained in the White House fleet, and was used byPresident Truman at thePotsdam Conference in Germany that July. It was replaced when a new fleet of Lincoln limousines was acquired after the1948 election. It is on permanent display at theHenry Ford Museum inDearborn,Michigan.
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