TheSun goddess of Arinna, also sometimes identified asArinniti,[1] is the chief Goddess ofHittite mythology. Her companion is the weather godTarḫunna. She protected the Hittite kingdom and was called the "Queen of all lands." Her cult centre was the sacred city ofArinna.
In addition to the Sun goddess of Arinna, the Hittites also worshipped theSun goddess of the Earth and theSun god of Heaven, while theLuwians originally worshipped the old Proto-Indo-European Sun godTiwaz. It appears that in the northern cultural sphere of the early Hittites, there was no male solar deity.[2]
Distinguishing the various solar deities in the texts is difficult since most are simply written with theSumerogramdUTU (Solar deity). As a result, the interpretation of the solar deities remains a subject of debate.
The Sun goddess of Arinna and the weather god Tarḫunna formed a pair and together they occupied the highest position in the Hittite state's pantheon. The pair's daughter isMezulla, by whom they had the granddaughter Zintuḫi. Their other children were theWeather god of Nerik, theWeather god of Zippalanda, and the vegetation godTelipinu. The eagle served as her messenger.
In myths, she plays a minor role. AHattian mythic fragment records the construction of her house inLiḫzina [de]. Another myth fragment refers to her apple tree:
An apple tree stands at a well and is covered all over with a blood-red colour. The Sun goddess of Arinna saw (it) and she decorated (it) with her shining wand.
— KUB 28.6 Vs. I 10’-13’ = II 10’-13’
The Sun goddess of Arinna was originally of Hattian origin and was worshipped by theHattians as Eštan. One of her Hattianepithets was Wurunšemu ("Mother of the land"?).[3]
From theHittite Old Kingdom, she was the chief goddess of the Hittite state. The "Gods' city" of Arinna was the site of the coronation of the first Hittite kings and one of the empire's three holy cities. TheHattian name of the goddess was transcribed by the Hittites as Ištanu and Urunzimu. They also invoked her as Arinitti ("The Arinnian"). The epithet "of Arinna" only appears during theHittite Middle Kingdom, to distinguish the Sun goddess from the male Sun god of Heaven, who had been adopted by the Hittites from interaction with theHurrians.[4]
During theHittite New Kingdom, she was identified with theHurrian-Syrian goddessḪepat and the Hittite QueenPuduḫepa mentions her in her prayers using both names:
Sun goddess of Arinna, my lady, queen of all lands! In the Land of Ḫatti, you ordained your name to be the "Sun goddess of Arinna", but also in the land which you have made the land of the cedar, you ordained your name to be Ḫepat.
From the Hittite Old Kingdom, the Sun goddess of Arinna legitimised the authority of the king, in conjunction with the weather god Tarḫunna. The land belonged to the two deities and they established the king, who would refer to the Sun goddess as "Mother".[6] KingḪattušili I was blessed with the privilege of placing the Sun goddess on his lap.[7] Several queens dedicated cultic solar discs to the Sun goddess in the city of Taḫurpa. During the Hittite New Kingdom, the Sun goddess was said to watch over the king and his kingdom, with the king as her priest and the queen as her priestess. The Hittite king worshiped the Sun goddess with daily prayers at sun set. The Hittite texts preserve many prayers to the Sun goddess of Arinna: the oldest is fromArnuwanda I, while the best known is the prayer of Queen Puduḫepa, cited above.
The most important temple of the Sun goddess was in the city of Arinna; there was another on the citadel ofḪattuša. The goddess was depicted as a solar disc. In the city of Tarḫurpa, several such discs were venerated, which had been donated by the Hittite queens. KingUlmi-Teššup ofTarḫuntašša donated a Sun disc of gold, silver and copper to the goddess each year, along with a bull and three sheep. She was also often depicted as a woman and statuettes of a sitting goddess with a halo may also be depictions of her.[8]
The deer was sacred to the Sun goddess and Queen Puduḫepa promised to give her many deer in her prayers. Cultic vessels in the shape of a deer presumably were used for worship of the Sun goddess. It is also believed that the golden deer statuettes from the Early Bronze Age, which were found in the middle of theKızılırmak River and belong to the Hattian cultural period, ere associated with the cult of the Sun goddess.
The name Ištanu is the Hittite form of the Hattian name Eštan and refers to the Sun goddess of Arinna.[dubious –discuss][9] Earlier scholarship misunderstood Ištanu as the name of the male Sun god of the Heavens,[10] but more recent scholarship has held that the name is only used to refer to the Sun goddess of Arinna.[11]Volkert Haas, however, still prefers to distinguish between a male Ištanu representing the day-star and a female Wurunšemu who is the Sun goddess of Arinna and spends her nights in the underworld.[12]
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