Summil صميل Summeil[1] | |
|---|---|
Former village | |
| Etymology: "Hard and withered"[2] | |
.jpg) 1870s map.jpg) 1940s map.jpg) modern map.jpg) 1940s with modern overlay mapA series of historical maps of the area around Summil (click the buttons) | |
  Summil Location withinMandatory Palestine | |
| Coordinates:31°39′56″N34°47′43″E / 31.66556°N 34.79528°E /31.66556; 34.79528 | |
| Grid position | 130/119 |
| Geopolitical entity | Mandatory Palestine |
| Subdistrict | Gaza |
| Date of depopulation | mid-July, 1948[5] |
| Area | |
• Total | 19,304dunams (19.304 km2; 7.453 sq mi) |
| Population (1945) | |
• Total | 950[3][4] |
| Cause(s) of depopulation | Military assault byYishuv forces |
| Current Localities | Kedma,[6]Sgula,[6]Menuha,[6]Nahala,[6]Vardon[6] |
Summil (Arabic:صميل) was aPalestinian Arab village in theGaza Subdistrict, located 36 kilometers (22 mi) northeast ofGaza. It was situated on a sandy hill in the coastal plain and had a population of 950 in 1945. It was depopulated during the1948 Arab-Israeli War.[6]
A marble bust ofPan, dating from the 1st or 2nd century CE, has been found here.[7]
Summil was founded in 1168 during theCrusades by theHospitallers for the purpose of protecting the fortress inBayt Jibrin.[6] There are some remains of the Crusader castle (see photoshere), and a medieval masonry well known asBir Summail survives south of it.[8] Local tradition claims it was named after Samuel, one of the Crusaders who established the village. UnderMamluk rule in the 13th-15th centuries, it was referred to as Barakat al-Khalil ("the blessing of Ibrahim (Abraham)"), because its tax revenues were used by the sultanBarquq to endow theIbrahimi Mosque inHebron.[6]
Summil was incorporated into theOttoman Empire in 1517 with all ofPalestine, and in the 1596tax records it was part ofnahiya (subdistrict) ofGaza under theGaza Sanjak, with a population of 66Muslim household, an estimated 363 persons. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on wheat, barley, fruit, beehives, and goats; a total of 14,500akçe. All of the revenue went to awaqf.[9]
WhenEdward Robinson visited Summil in the 1838, he noted that it was a "considerable village on an elevation of the plain". He noticed a publicwell over 100 feet (30 m) deep and 11 feet (3.4 m) in diameter. He said that there was a "portion of an ancient wall apparently once belonging to a castle."[10] It was also noted as a Muslim village located in the Gaza district.[11]
In 1863, French explorerVictor Guérin found the village, which he calledSoummeil el-Khalil, to have 400 inhabitants. Some of the houses were built of stone, other ofadobe. He further noted awaly, dedicated to aSheikh Abdallah, which was a well built enclosure built of large stones.[12] An Ottoman village list of about 1870 indicated 50 houses and a population of 133, though the population count included men, only.[13][14]
In 1882 thePEF'sSurvey of Western Palestine described Summeil as "a small village on the edge of the higher ground, of mud and stone, with cactus hedges. A pond on the south and a well on the north supply the place. Near the latter there is a pointed archway of good masonry, apparently mediæval work, and there are foundations of hewn stones in the village. [The well] Bir Summeil is south of the village, is also a well-built masonry well, and the place evidently dates back to Crusading times at least."[15][16] In the late 19th century, Summil had a semi-circular plan.[6]
During theBritish Mandate period, the village expanded toward the southwest and relied onal-Faluja for commercial, medical, and administrative services.[6]
In the1922 census of Palestine conducted by theBritish Mandate authorities,Summail had a population of 561 inhabitants, allMuslims,[17] increasing in the1931 census, to 692, still all Muslims, in 178 houses.[18]
In the1945 statistics the population of Summeil consisted of 950 Muslims[3] and the total land area was 19,304dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[4] Of this, a total of 54 dunams were used plantations and irrigable land, 18,720 for cereals,[19] while 31 dunams were built-up areas.[20]
Amosque built on the remnants of a Crusader church was maintained by theMuslim inhabitants. Village houses were built of adobe brick and a school opened in 1936. By the mid-1940s it had an enrollment of 88 students. The community obtained domestic water from a 48 meters (157 ft) deep well named "al-Khalil".[6]
Summil was occupied by theGivati Brigade's thrust southward during the period in the1948 Arab-Israeli War known as the Ten Days between the truces of July 8 and July 18, 1948. During this offensive,Israeli forces managed to occupy a broad swath of territory south of theJerusalem-Ramla road, displacing over 20,000 people. Although Israeli military accounts later claimed that the inhabitants fled with the approach of Israeli columns, theHaganah spoke of "several cleaning operations" with Summil being one of the villages mentioned. Its inhabitants fled east toward the Hebron area.[6]
On July 19, 1948, anIDF patrol clashed with armed infiltrators at Summil, killing one and wounding another. The patrol warned any refugees they encountered that if any one of them entered "the areas under our control-they would be killed".[21] The day after, on the July 20, theIDF were formally instructed to prevent infiltration to Summil,Barqusya,Bi´lin,Masmiya al Saghira,al-Tina,Kheima,Idnibba,Jilya,Qazaza, andMughallis. The orders specifically were to "destroy" any "armed force" encountered, and to "expel...unarmed villagers".[22]
The Palestinian historianWalid Khalidi described the village remains in 1992 as: "The remnants of a wall, perhaps one that was built around the village, are still visible. Otherwise, much of the site is overgrown withkhubbayza (a wild plant belonging to themallow family that is cooked as a vegetable in Palestinian peasant cuisine) and grass. There is also aChrist's-thorn trees and dense stands of cactuses; an old cactus-lined village road is visible.A shanty that houses an Arab family (whose members probably work in one of the Israeli settlements) has been built on the land. The adjacent land is cultivated by Israeli farmers."[23]
Andrew Petersen, who visited in 1994, noted: "The castle appears to be roughly square with a central tower (keep) surrounded by an outer enclosure wall with square corner towers. The principal remains are those of the north enclosure wall which stands to a height of over 8m and is over 30m long and 1,5m thick. The lower part of the wall has a well−preservedglacis."[24]
