TheSulaymani branch ofTayyibi Isma'ilism is anIslamic community, of which around 70,000 members reside inYemen, while a few thousandSulaymani Bohras can be found in India. TheSulaymanis are sometimes headed by aDa'i al-Mutlaq from the Makrami family.[1]
It is not correct that this branch is headed by one from the Makrami family always as the D'ai al Mutlaq could be from other families and communities. Examples: the first Da'i was Dhuayb Bin Mousa (Hamdan), Dawud Bin Ajab Shah (Indian), Sulayman Bin Al Hassan (Indian) and some of his brothers and sons were Indians. It is, however, true for the very recent Da'is have came from the Makrami family, with exception of the late Da'i Abdullah bin Mohammad, who was not from the Makrami family.
Founded in 1592, the Sulaymanis are mostly concentrated inYemen but are also found inPakistan andIndia. The denomination is named after its 27th Daʻī,Sulayman bin Hassan.
The total number of Sulaymanis currently are around 300,000, mainly living in the eastern district ofJabal Haraz in northwestYemen and inNajran,Saudi Arabia.[2] Beside theBanu Yam ofNajran, the Sulaymanis are in Haraz, among the inhabitants of the Jabal Maghariba and in Hawzan, Lahab and Attara, as well as in the district of Hamadan and in the vicinity of Yarim.
In India there are between 3000 and 5000 Sulaymanis living mainly inVadodara,Hyderabad,Mumbai andSurat. InPunjab, Pakistan and there is a well-established Sulaymani community inSindh. Some ten thousand Sulaymanis live in rural areas of Punjab known to the Sulaymani asJazeera-e Sind; these Sulaymani communities have been in the Jazeera-e Sind from the time of Fatimid Imam-CaliphAl-Mu'izz li-Din Allah when he sent his Daʻīs to Jazeera-e Sind.
There are also some 900–1000 Sulaymanis mainly from South Asia scattered around the world, in the Persian Gulf States,United States,Canada,Thailand,Australia,Japan and theUnited Kingdom. The Sulaymanis split off from the Tayyibi community, following a succession dispute upon the death ofDawood Bin Ajabshah in 1589. While most of the Tayyibis in India recognisedDawood Bin Qutub as his successor and thus forming theDawoodi Bohras, the Yemeni community followedSulayman bin Hassan.
Starting from 1677, Sulayman's successors almost always came from the Makrami family. Theda'is madeNajran their headquarters and ruled the area, supported by theBanu Yam, until their power waned under the successive rules of the Ottomans and Saudis.[1] The leadership of the Sulaymaniyah, whose Indian community was small, reverted to the Yemen with the succession of the thirtiethDa'i al-Mutlaq, Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Fahd Al-Makrami, in 1677. Since then the position of the dai al mutlaq has remained in various branches of the al Makrami family except for the time of the forty-sixth dai, an Indian.
The Makrami da'is usually resided in Badr inNajran,Saudi Arabia. With the backing of the tribe of theBanu Yam they ruled Najran independently and at times extended their sway over other parts of the Yemen and Arabia until the incorporation ofNajran intoSaudi Arabia in 1934. The peak of their power was in the time of the thirty-thirdDa'i al-Mutlaq, Isma'il ibn Hibat Allah (1747–1770), who defeated the Wahhabiyah orWahhabism inNajd and invaded Hadramawt. He is also known as the author of anesoteric Qur'an commentary, virtually the only religious work of a Sulaymani author published so far. SinceNajran came under Saudi rule, the religious activity of theda'is and their followers has been severely restricted. In the Yemen the Sulaymaniyah are found chiefly in the region of Manakha and the Haraz mountains. In India they live mainly in Baroda, Ahmadabad, and Hyderabad and are guided by a representative (mansub) of theDa'i al-Mutlaq residing in Hyderabad, India.
The following is a list of religious leaders (da'i al-mutlaq) of the Sulaymani Isma'ilis.[3] For the 26 predecessors, seeList of Dai of Dawoodi Bohra.SeeSulayman bin Hassan for more information.
