Suicidology is the scientific study ofsuicidal behaviour, the causes of suicidality andsuicide prevention.[1] Every year, about one million people die by suicide, which is a mortality rate of sixteen per 100,000 or one death every forty seconds.[2] Suicidologists believe that suicide is largely preventable with the right actions, knowledge about suicide, and a change in society's view of suicide to make it more acceptable to talk about suicide. Suicidology draws from many fields of social science, primarily psychology and sociology but also medicine, philosophy and public health.[3][4]
Most suicidologists think about the history of suicide in terms of the history of public opinion on suicide, which has been heavily influenced by cultural, legal and religious norms.[5]Ancient Greece held divided views on suicide: tolerated and even lauded when committed bypatricians (generals and philosophers) but condemned if committed byplebeians (common people) or slaves. Roman society viewed suicide neutrally or positively, valuing life less highly.[clarification needed] During earlyChristianity, excessive martyrdom and a penchant toward suicide frightened church elders sufficiently for them to introduce a serious deterrent. Suicide was thought of as a crime because it precluded possibility of repentance, and it violated the sixth commandment which isThou shall not kill.[5] During this time, St.Thomas Aquinas emphasized that suicide was a mortal sin because it disruptedGod's power over man's life and death. This belief took hold and for hundreds of years thereafter played an important part in the Western view of suicide.[5]
Over the last 200 years, the main focus of interventions to prevent suicide has moved from appeals to religious beliefs, which may hold less weight in the modern day, to efforts at understanding and preventing the psychological and social influences that lead to suicide.[6]
There are many points of study within suicidology. Suicidology studies not only death by suicide but alsosuicidal ideation,self harm,parasuicide andself-destructive behaviors and attitudes.[1]
Suicidal ideation is when someone is having thoughts or showing gestures of suicide. This may be passive or active, depending on how much agency they involve. For example, saying that "life is not worth living any more" would be passively suicidal, while saying "I'm going to kill myself by jumping off a bridge" would be actively suicidal.
Self harm is when someone causes deliberate harm to themself. An example of this would be if someone were to take an overdose of medicine and live. Parasuicide is considered to a form of self harm involving suicidal behavior, but without the intention to die.[7][8]
Self-destructive behaviors are anything that cause harm to oneself. This can be intentional or unintentional. Some examples are alcoholism, risky sports, some sexual disorders, and eating disorders.[1] By way of asuicide note the person who is going to commit suicide has the last word. It is also a way for the person to explain, bring closure (or not), to give guilt, to dictate wishes, to control, to forgive or to blame. Here is a list of the parts that might go into a suicide note.
| Possible attributes of a suicide note |
|---|
| A need to control and direct |
| A plea for forgiveness |
| An absolution |
| Ambivalence and uncertainty |
| Poignant despair |
| Remorse and regret |
| Being a savior/being saved |
| Altruism |
| Lack of pleasure |
| Self-criticism[9] |
| Guilting the reader |
Findings in suicidology have informed intervention strategies aimed at reducing suicide mortality. The finding that discussing suicidal ideation with at-risk individuals does not increase the subsequent likelihood of suicide has been influential to standards of psychological intervention by dispelling concerns of inherent risks associated with assessing for suicidiality.[10][11]
The observation that most deaths by suicide are preceded by warning signs has been cited to emphasize the importance of addressing signs of suicidal ideation directly in individuals expressing them.[12]
By contrast, general and social media coverage of suicide, particularly when dramatized or when the method is described, may increase the risk of suicide particularly in younger populations.[13][14]
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One of the first to contribute to the study of suicidology isEdwin S. Shneidman.[15] Shneidman is considered to be the father of suicidology. Shneidman's definition of suicide is a conscious act of self-induced annihilation, best understood as a multidimensional malaise in a needful individual who defines an issue for which suicide is perceived as the best solution. He thought of suicide as psychache or intolerable psychological pain.[citation needed]
Another notable person in the field of suicidology isEmile Durkheim.[16] To Durkheim the word suicide is applied to all cases of death resulting directly or indirectly from a positive or negative act of the victim himself, which he knows will produce this result. Basically he saw suicide as an external and constraining social fact independent of individual psychopathology.[citation needed]
In David J. Mayo's definition there were four elements to suicide:[citation needed]
Sigmund Freud andKarl Menninger had similar views on suicide. Their definition of suicide had three different aspects. One was a murder involving hatred or the wish to kill. The second one was a murder by the self often involving guilt or the wish to be killed. The last one is the wish to die. They thought of suicide being a murderous death wish that was turned back upon one's own self.[citation needed] Freud also believed that we had two opposing basic instincts—life (Eros) and death (Thanatos)—and all instincts sought tension reduction.[5] He also believed that suicide is more likely in advanced civilizations requiring greater repression of sexual and aggressive energy.[citation needed]
Jean Baechler's definition of suicide was that suicide denotes all behavior that seeks and finds the solution to an existential problem by making an attempt on the life of the subject.
Another worker in the field of suicidology was Joseph H. Davis. The definition he gave for suicide is a fatal willful self-inflicted life-threatening act without apparent desire to live; implicit are two basic components lethality and intent.[citation needed]
Albert Camus also did some work in this field. He believed that whether one can live or chooses to live is the only truly serious philosophical problem. He also claimed that man created a god in order to be able to live without a wish to kill himself and that the only human liberty is to come to terms with death. He introduced Darwinian thought into his teachings.[1]
Journals related to suicidology
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| Applied psychology |
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