Suicide by jumping from height is a commonsuicide method where a person jumps and falls from a dangerous location, such asfrom a high window, balcony, or roof, or from acliff,dam, orbridge. The 2023ICD-10-CM diagnosis code for jumping from a high place isX80*, and this method of suicide is also known clinically asautokabalesis.[1] Many countries have notedsuicide bridges such as theNanjing Yangtze River Bridge and theGolden Gate Bridge. Other well known suicide sites for jumping include theEiffel Tower andNiagara Falls.[2]
Nonfatal attempts in these situations can have severe consequences includingparalysis, organ damage, broken bones and lifelong pain.[3][4] People have survived falls from buildings as high as 47 floors (500-feet/152.4 metres).[5] Most think that jumping will lead to an instant death. However, in many cases, death is not instant.[4]
Jumping is the most common method of suicide inHong Kong, accounting for 52.1% of all reported suicide cases in 2006 and similar rates for the years before that.[6] The Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of theUniversity of Hong Kong believes that it may be due to the abundance of easily accessiblehigh-rise buildings in Hong Kong.[7]
In the United States, jumping is among the least common methods of suicide (less than 2% of all reported suicides in 2005).[8] However, in a 75-year period to 2012, there had been around 1,400suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge. In New Zealand, secure fencing at theGrafton Bridge substantially reduced the rate of suicides.[9]
Survivors of falls from hazardous heights are often left with major injuries and permanent disabilities from theimpact-related injuries.[10] A frequent scenario is that the jumper will sit on an elevated highway orbuilding-ledge as police attempt to talk them down. Observers sometimes encourage potential jumpers to jump, an effect known as "suicide baiting".[11] Almost all falls from beyond about 10 stories are fatal,[12] although people have survived much higher falls than this, even onto hard surfaces. For example, one suicidal jumper has survived a fall from the 39th story of a building,[13] as has a non-suicidal window washer who accidentally fell from the 47th floor.[5] Suicidal jumpers have sometimes injured or even killed people on the ground on whom they land.[14][15][16][17][18]
There is limited information surrounding the demographics of those who die by jumping. However, some studies find differences between those who jump from high-rise residential buildings and those who jump from asuicide bridge. There is some evidence to suggest that younger males are overrepresented in those who jump from bridges, while age is not a notable factor in suicides from high-rise residential buildings.[19] However, other studies have not found the same patterns.[20]
Nish Bruce, a British veteran, killed himself by leaping without aparachute from an airplane, at an altitude of over 5,000 feet (1,500 m).[21][22] Jade Damarell, a skydiver, died similarly from an altitude of 15,500 feet (4,700 m), never deploying her parachutes.[23][24]
Autodefenestration (orself-defenestration) is the term used for the act ofjumping, propelling oneself, or causing oneself to fall, out of a window. This phenomenon played a notable role in such events as theTriangle Shirtwaist fire of 1911, theSeptember 11 attacks on the World Trade Center, and other disasters. It is also a method ofsuicide. In the United States, self-defenestration is among the least common methods of dying by suicide (less than 2% of all reported suicides in the United States for 2005).[8]
There is anurban legend in the US that manyWall Street investors autodefenestrated during the1929 stock market crash.[25] After the2008 financial crisis, this was alluded to by protestors brandishing a sign on Wall Street which said: "Jump, you fuckers!"[26]
Jumping only makes up 3% of suicides in the US and Europe, which is a much smaller percentage than is generally perceived by the public. Jumping is surprisingly infrequent because tall buildings are often condo or office buildings not accessible to the general public, and because open-air areas of high buildings (i.e., rooftop restaurants or pools) are often surrounded by high walls that are built precisely to prevent suicides.[citation needed] Jumping makes up 20% of suicides in New York City due to the prevalence of publicly accessible skyscrapers.[27]
InHong Kong, jumping (from any location) is the most common method of dying by suicide, accounting for 52% of all reported suicide cases in 2006, and similar rates for the years prior to that.[28] The Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of theUniversity of Hong Kong believes that it may be due to the abundance of easily accessiblehigh-rise buildings in Hong Kong (implying that much of the jumping is out of windows or from roof tops).[29]
Multiple intervention strategies have been applied for these types of suicides. Some of these strategies take physical forms, such as installing barriers to restrict access atsuicide sites or by adding a safety net.[30] In 1996, safety barriers were removed from the Grafton Bridge inAuckland, New Zealand. After their removal, there was a five-fold increase in the number of suicides from the bridge.[31] Other sites have installed signs containing telephone hotline numbers or incorporated surveillance measures such as patrols and trained gatekeepers.[30]
In addition to these measures, there has been a push to more closely monitor media coverage of suicide, especially suicides from well known sites, which typically involve suicide by jumping.[30] Numerous studies have researched the impact of media coverage on suicide rates.[32] Guidelines for media sources on how to cover the topic, such as the "Recommendations for Reporting on Suicide" (developed in collaboration with organizations such as theAmerican Foundation for Suicide Prevention,the National Institute of Mental Health, and several schools of journalism) attempt to reduce the risk of suicide contagion via responsible reporting, informing on the complexities of suicide, and publicizing resources and stories of hope.[33]
Constructing barriers is not the only option, and it can be expensive.[34] Other method-specific prevention actions include making staff members visible in high-risk areas, usingclosed-circuit television cameras to identify people in inappropriate places or behaving abnormally (e.g., lingering in a place that people normally spend little time in), and installing awnings and soft-looking landscaping, which deters suicide attempts by making the place look ineffective.[34]
Another factor in reducing jumping deaths is to avoid suggesting in news articles, signs, or other communication that a high-risk place is a common, appropriate, or effective place for dying by jumping from.[34] The efficacy of signage is uncertain, and may depend on whether the wording is simple and appropriate.[34]
In the United States,jumper is a term used by the police and media organizations for a person who plans to fall or jump (or already has fallen or jumped) from a potentially deadly height, sometimes with the intention to die bysuicide, at other times to escape conditions inside (e.g. a burning building).[35] It includes all those who jump, regardless of motivation or consequences. That is, it includes people making sincere suicide attempts, those makingparasuicidal gestures, peopleBASE jumping from a building illegally, and those attempting to escape conditions that they perceive as posing greater risk than would the fall from a jump, and it applies whether or not the fall is fatal.[citation needed]
The term was brought to prominence in the aftermath of theSeptember 11 attacks, in which two hijacked airliners―American Airlines Flight 11 andUnited Airlines Flight 175―were deliberately crashed into the Twin Towers of theWorld Trade Center, trapping hundreds in the upper floors of both buildings and setting the impacted floors ablaze. As a direct consequence, more than 200 people plummeted to their deaths from the burning skyscrapers, primarily from theNorth Tower with only 3 spotted from theSouth.[36] Most of these people―especially those in the North Tower―deliberately made the decision to die by jumping as a quicker alternative to burning alive or dying from smoke inhalation; however, a small percentage of these deaths were not jumpers but people who accidentally fell.[36] Many of these victims were inadvertently captured on both television and amateur footage, even though television networks reporting on the tragedy attempted to avoid showing people falling to avoid further traumatizing viewers.[37]
The inquest in Crook heard she was a "very experienced skydiver" but had made no attempt to deploy either her main or reserve parachutes.
