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Sudan People's Liberation Movement الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان | |
|---|---|
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| Chairman | Salva Kiir Mayardit |
| Founders | |
| Founded | 16 May 1983 (42 years, 160 days) |
| Headquarters | Juba |
| Youth wing | SPLM Youth League |
| Armed wing | Sudan People's Liberation Army (1983–2018) |
| Ideology | Social market economy[1] Sudanesenationalism[2] Social liberalism[3] Progressivism[5] Historical:
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| Political position | Centre-left[9] |
| National Legislative Assembly | 332 / 550 |
| Council of States | 46 / 100 |
| Party flag | |
 Other flag: | |
| Website | |
| www | |
TheSudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM;Arabic:الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان,Al-Ḥarakat ash-Shaʿbiyyat liTaḥrīr as-Sūdān) is a political party inSouth Sudan. It was initially founded as the political wing of theSudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA; a key belligerent of theSecond Sudanese Civil War) in 1983. On January 9, 2005 the SPLA, the SPLM and theGovernment of Sudan signed theComprehensive Peace Agreement, ending the civil war. SPLM then obtained representation in the Government of Sudan, and was the main constituent of theGovernment of the then semi-autonomousSouthern Sudan. WhenSouth Sudan became a sovereign state on 9 July 2011, SPLM became the ruling party of the new republic. SPLM branches in Sudan separated themselves from SPLM, forming theSudan People's Liberation Movement–North. Further factionalism appeared as a result of the 2013–2014South Sudanese Civil War, with PresidentSalva Kiir leading theSPLM-Juba and former Vice PresidentRiek Machar leading theSudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition.
Although the party has not adhered to one consistent ideology since the independence of South Sudan and many factions exist, it has been described as "being on theleft of centre ideological[ly] speaking,"[10] and section IV.2 of the party manifesto states support for a regulated market economy[11] with similar elements tosocial democracy.
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The SPLM was formed as aMarxist-Leninist,[12]socialist[13] rebel movement on 16 May 1983, after the Government of Sudan's abandonment of theAddis Ababa Agreement signed between the government ofGaafar Nimeiry and theAnyanya leaderJoseph Lagu, who had first introduced the southern Sudanese to the effective political, economic, social, educational, and religious situations they would face after Sudan's independence. The movement published a manifesto setting out its positions and attracted a group of rebellious southern Sudanese soldiers of the Sudanese Army based inBor,Pochalla, andAyod (first called the Bor Mutiny).[14] These joined remnants of the Anyanya rebels of theFirst Sudanese Civil War based inEthiopia. Founders of the SPLA (the military wing of the movement) included CaptainSalva Kiir Mayardit, Samuel AbuJohn Khabas, MajorWilliam Nyuon Bany, MajorKerubino Kuanyin Bol and many other southern Sudanese officers of theSudanese Armed Forces.Joseph Oduho was made chairman of the SPLM and ColonelJohn Garang, aDinka army officer, was made commander of the SPLA. Oduho was later deposed by Garang, who made himself overall leader of the combined movement (SPLA/M).[15]
The Government of Sudan has been associated withIslam andArab descent and culture since then, in deep contrast with the SPLA, associated instead with Africanism, indigenous beliefs, African culture and, to a degreeChristianity.[16]
It fought against the governments ofGaafar Nimeiry,Sadiq al-Mahdi andOmar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir in what is now called theSecond Sudanese Civil War. SPLA/M's declared aim was to establish a democratic Sudan with it as the leading party in control of the southern areas. The war has been largely described inreligious andethnic terms, and also as a struggle for control of the water and oil resources located in southern and western Sudan.
In the late 1980s, Marxism-Leninism was abandoned in favor of a broadly Socialist platform.[12]
In 1991, theSPLA-Nasir faction led by DrRiek Machar and DrLam Akol attempted to overthrow chairman Garang. The attempt failed but led to widespread fighting in the south and the formation of other rebel groups, such asKerubino Kuanyin Bol's SPLABahr-al-Ghazal faction. These internal divisions hampered negotiations with the government. SPLA-Nasir renamed itself SPLA-United and then transformed itself, with substantial personnel changes, into theSouth Sudan Independence Movement/Army. Several smaller factions signed theKhartoum Peace Agreement with the government in April 1997 and formed the United Democratic Salvation Front (UDSF).
In July 1992, a government offensive seized southern Sudan, and captured the SPLA headquarters inTorit.[17] The Sudanese government accusedUganda andEritrea of supporting the SPLA/M, who were alleged to have operated on the Ugandan side of the Sudanese border with Uganda at the southern limit of Sudan.
In 2005, a treaty between the SPLA/M and the Sudanese government led to the formal recognition ofSouthern Sudanese autonomy. SPLM joined the government as part of the 2005 peace agreement, gaining about one-third of government positions. On 11 October 2007, the SPLM withdrew from the government, alleging violations of the peace agreement; this raised concerns about the future of the agreement.[18]
In 2012, as a consequence ofSouth Sudanese independence, SPLM became the new country's governing political party and the SPLA the country's army. The Sudan branch separated from the movement and formedSPLM-N to carry out anti-government activities in Sudan.
As a result of theSouth Sudanese Civil War in 2013–2014, the SPLM factionalised into the SPLM-Juba, led by President Salva Kiir,[19] and SPLM-IO (in opposition), led by former Vice President Riek Machar.[20]
| Election | Candidate | Votes | % | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | Yasir Arman | 2,193,826 | 21.69% | Lost N |
| Election | Candidate | Votes | % | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | Salva Kiir Mayardit | 2,616,613 | 92.99% | Elected Y |
| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Position | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | 99 / 450 | New | 2nd | Opposition |
| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Position | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | 161 / 170 | New | 1st | Supermajority government |
| Parliament | |
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| Unrepresented | |
| International | |
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| National | |
| Other | |
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