Sucre (Spanish pronunciation:[ˈsukɾe];Quechua:Chuqichaka;Aymara:Sukri;Guarani:Sucre), officiallyLa Ilustre y Heroica Sucre ("The Illustrious and Heroic Sucre")[1] is thede jurecapital city ofBolivia,[2] the capital of theChuquisaca Department and thesixth most populous city in Bolivia. Located in the south-central part of the country, Sucre lies at an elevation of 2,790 m (9,150 ft), make it thesecond-highest capital city in the world afterQuito.[a] This relatively high altitude gives the city asubtropical highland climate with cool temperatures year-round. Over the centuries, the city has received various names, including La Plata, Charcas, and Chuquisaca.[3] Today, the region is of predominantlyQuechua background, with someAymara communities and influences.
Sucre holds major national importance and is an educational and government center, as well as the location of theBolivian Supreme Court. Its pleasant climate and low crime rates[4] have made the city popular amongst foreigners and Bolivians alike.[5] Notably, Sucre contains one of the best preserved Hispanic colonial and republican historic city centres in the Western Hemisphere - similar to cities such asCuzco andQuito. This architectural heritage and the millenarian history of the Charcas region has led to Sucre's designation as aUNESCO World Heritage Site. The city has held an important place in Bolivian history from its place as an important center in the Real Audencia de Charcas, and later as the first capital of Bolivia before the fall of silver's importance as a global mineral commodity. Some regional tension remains from the historical transfer of capital functions toLa Paz, and even today the issue features an important role in local culture and political ideology.
Prior to Spanish colonization, Sucre was an Inca town called Chuquisaca,[6] a name that remains an alternative designation for the city today. The nameChuquisaca possibly derives from the Quechua wordschuqi, meaning 'precious metal' or 'silver', andshaqa orsaqa, meaning 'abundance', 'a heap', or 'a pile of small things',[7] thus translating to 'a heap of precious metal' or 'a pile of silver'.
Chuquisaca was the provincial capital of the wamani of Charca, established afterTopa Inka Yupanqui conquered theAymara kingdom that originally occupied the area and imposed the Quechua language on them.[8] According toInca Garcilaso de la Vega, the Inca ruler received ambassadors from the kingdom of Tucman (Tucumán) while in Charca.[9] Due to their warrior background, the Charcas were excluded from various state duties and many served as soldiers,[10] being recruited in large numbers byWayna Qhapaq for northern campaigns. During Wayna Qhapaq's wars in modern-dayEcuador, the Guarani-speakingChiriguanos fromParaguay invaded the Charcas frontier, aided by a band of European explorers. Although the Chiriguanos were repelled by commanders sent by Wayna Qhapaq fromQuito,[11] the Portuguese conquistadorAleixo Garcia is believed to be the first European to make contact with Charcas in 1525.
Although the Inca territories south of Cusco were assigned to the head conquistadorDiego de Almagro, there is no record of him visiting Chuquisaca and theCharcas territory duringhis 1535 expedition to Collasuyo. After Almagro's murder in 1538,Francisco Pizarro, sent his brothersGonzalo Pizarro andHernando Pizarro to Charcas to claim the region. Hernando Pizarro traveled to Chuquisaca along with the EmperorPaullu Inca. During their visit, they met with Consara, the principal lord of the Charcas region. Consara provided crucial information about the resources of Charca, including silver mines in Porco, gold mines in Chiutamarca, copper mines in Aytacara, and tin mines in Chayanta.[6] The settlement was briefly occupied by Diego Méndez, under the orders ofDiego de Almagro II, during Almagro II's uprising against Pizarro and the Spanish government.[12]
The Spanish foundation of Sucre occurred on November 30, 1538, under the nameCiudad de la Plata de la Nueva Toledo (City of Silver of New Toledo) byPedro Anzures, Marqués de Campo Redondo. In 1559, the SpanishKing Philip II established theAudiencia de Charcas in La Plata with authority over an area which covers what is now Paraguay, southeastern Peru, northern Chile and Argentina, and much of Bolivia. TheReal Audiencia of Charcas was a subdivision of theViceroyalty of Peru until 1776, when it was transferred to the newly createdViceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. In 1601 the Recoleta Monastery was founded by the Franciscans. In 1609, anarchbishopric was founded in the city. In 1624St Francis Xavier University of Chuquisaca was founded.
Very much a Spanish city during the colonial era, the narrow streets of the city centre are organised in a grid, reflecting the Andalusian culture that is embodied in the architecture of the city's great houses and numerous convents and churches. Sucre remains the seat of the Roman Catholic Church in Bolivia, and a common sight is members of religious orders dressed in traditional habit. For much of its colonial history, Sucre's temperate climate was preferred by the Spanish royalty and wealthy families involved in silver trade coming fromPotosí. Sucre's University (Universidad Mayor Real y Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca) is one of the oldest universities in the new world.
The Independence Hall of the House of Liberty during the National Constituent Congress in Chuquisaca.
On May 25, 1809, the Bolivian independence movement was started with the ringing of the bell of the Basilica of Saint Francisco. This bell was rung to the point of breakage, but it can still be found in the Basilica today: it is one of the most precious relics of the city.Until the 19th century, La Plata was the judicial, religious and cultural centre of the region. It was proclaimed provisional capital of the newly independentUpper Peru (later, Bolivia) in July 1826.[14] On July 12, 1839, PresidentJosé Miguel de Velasco proclaimed a law naming the city as the capital of Bolivia, and renaming it in honor of the revolutionary leaderAntonio José de Sucre.[14] After the economic decline ofPotosí and its silver industry, the Bolivian seat of government was moved from Sucre toLa Paz in 1898. Many[who?] argue Sucre was the location of the beginning of the Latin American independence movement against Spain. From that point of view, Bolivia was the last Spanish imperial territory in South America to gain its independence, in 1825. In 1991, Sucre became aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site.
Together withLa Paz, Sucre is one of two governmental centers of Bolivia: It is the seat of the judiciary, where theSupreme Court of Justice is located. As designated in theConstitution of Bolivia, Sucre is the true capital of the nation, while La Paz is the seat of government. Sucre is also thecapital city of thedepartment ofChuquisaca. The government of the City of Sucre is divided intoexecutive andlegislative branches. TheMayor of Sucre is the executive head of the city government, elected for a term of five years by general election. The legislative branch consists of theMunicipal Council, which elects a President, Vice President and Secretary from a group of eleven members.[citation needed]
The mayor of Sucre is Enrique Leaño of theMovement for Socialism, who defeated Horacio Poppe in elections held on March 3, 2021.[15]
Designated as interim Mayor by Sucre's Council in Resolution 335/10 after Barrón was indicted on charges of organizing theviolence of 24 May 2008,[17] with the support of MAS, New Citizen Alternative, and Domingo Martínez.[18]
January 10, 2011
January 27, 2011
José Santos Romero
MAS-IPSP
Designated as interim Mayor by Sucre's Council in Resolution 03/11,[17] with three MAS votes (but not Berríos' alternate), four PAÍS votes, and that of Lourdes Millares.[18]
July 27, 2011
January 31, 2012
Verónica Berríos
MAS-IPSP
Restored to office when the Guarantees Tribunal of Chuquisaca's Superior Court of Justice annulled Resolution 03/11[17]
TheMunicipal Council is thelegislative branch of the government of the municipality ofSucre, the constitutional capital of Bolivia. The council consists of eleven elected members, and it elects its own President, Vice President and Secretary. The members of the municipal council elected on May 3, 2021[21] are:
Geographically, Sucre is located at the head of valleys with a warm and dry climate, at an altitude of 2,798 meters above sea level. Specifically, it lies in the geographic region of Bolivia’sinter-Andean valleys, between the highlands of theAndean plateau and the lowlands of theGran Chaco plains. Likewise, the area marks the boundary between the Amazon basin (the Chico and Grande rivers) and theLa Plata River basin (theCachimayu andPilcomayu rivers).
The city is situated inOropeza Province of the Department of Chuquisaca, at the foot of the Sica Sica and Churuquella hills (two ancient extinct volcanoes), in the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes, near the point where the mountain ranges decrease in elevation and provide a warm and dry head-of-valley climate.
Sucre is divided into eight numbered districts: the first five of these are urban districts, while Districts 6, 7, and 8 are rural districts. Each is administered by a Sub-Mayor (Spanish:Subalcalde), appointed by the Mayor of Sucre. The rural districts include numerous rural communities outside the urban area.
Sucre is served byAlcantari Airport, situated 30 km (19 mi) to the South.
This city was one of the main driving forces behind its spread, since some of the oldest and most beautiful pieces of this genre were composed by authors from Chuquisaca, such as Miguel Ángel Valda Paredes and Simeón Roncal. Two types of cueca stand out: one of a popular character and another known as thesalon cueca, the latter with a slower rhythm, similar to the meter of the Argentine zamba.
This dance emerged in the bars andchicherías of the White City and was performed by student ensembles (estudiantinas). This rhythm became very widespread and eventually became part of other regional identities, as in the case of Cochabamba, which today has adopted it as a characteristic rhythm of the region.
This is a very distinctive dance, as it involves several characters, including: devils,imillas (young women), lions,awelos (old men), little monkeys, the rooster, the couples, and, as the musical component, thesicuris. The couples give the command signals with their rattles (matracas) when thesicuris begin to play, and they remain in the middle of all the characters, dancing with their rattles and lively, hopping steps. The other characters, led by the devils, dance around the couples in single-file lines and in two columns. Theimillas stand behind the couples; they also form a separate group and dance with their own forward-moving steps.
When the music ends, all the characters (except theimillas and the couples) interact and play among themselves with improvised scripts inspired by the moment, creating a kind of theater whose purpose is to entertain the townspeople. Generally, the devils and the lions play on the same side against the other characters, except for the rooster, who usually annoys the women within reach, pretending to step on them.
This dance is seen during the patron saint festivals of the towns not only in the city of Sucre, but also in neighboring provinces such asYamparáez,Tomina, and part ofBelisario Boeto. To this day, there is no sociological or semiological study about its meaning and origin, and although there is a somewhat similar dance in the department of Potosí, thethanta morenos have unique characteristics in their development. Finally, in conclusion, this dance intertwines music, dance, and theater throughout its performance, making it unique in Bolivia.
Sucre has a wide variety of traditional dishes, many of which vary according to the season (such asmondongo for All Saints’ Day andpicana for Christmas, among others). Among the most popular and typical dishes arechorizos chuquisaqueños,c’kocko de pollo,picante de pollo,mondongo chuquisaqueño,cazuela de maní, and many others. The typical drink is chicha criolla.
Sucre is also famous for its many companies dedicated to the production of chocolates and bonbons,[26][27] whose products are highly appreciated by tourists.
In Sucre, all kinds of sports are practiced, including football. The most representative team isUniversitario de Sucre, currently in the second division of Bolivian football, where it has shown good performances; it has also represented Bolivia in the Copa Sudamericana and the Copa Libertadores, and in 2008 and 2014 it was national champion. At present, the team representing the city isIndependiente Petrolero, which has a large fan base in the city and competes in the Bolivian Professional Football League after returning to professional football thanks to the runner-up position it achieved in the 2020Copa Simón Bolívar.
It is also worth highlighting teams such as Fancesa and Stormers Sporting Club, which have a certain footballing past and a recognized national trajectory, and today play in the second division or regional football, where they are prominent contenders. Another club is Estudiantes from the El Rollo area, which is the most beloved in that zone but is not part of the Chuquisaca Football Association for economic reasons.
Other sports are also practiced, such as tennis, swimming, racquetball, volleyball, martial arts (such as judo and karate), boxing, futsal, motorsports, and cycling, among others. Sucre is currently a high-performance center for all sports practiced nationally and internationally. It hosts the largest and most important sports complexes in the country, such as theEstadio Olímpico Patria, one of the largest stadiums in Bolivia; the Polideportivo Coliseum, the largest of its kind in Bolivia; and the Bolivarian Swimming Pool (La Piscina Bolivariana), the largest and highest-quality facility at the national level.
Sucre is also known as an important motorsports center, especially because it hosts one of the most important and oldest circuits in the country, the Óscar Crespo Circuit, and is considered a cradle of champions. In 2009 it hosted a round of the CODASUR Rally, and this year it will apply to host it again. Likewise, it was the host city of the 16thBolivarian Games.
The historic courtyard of the Royal and Pontifical University of San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca
Sucre is home to the second oldest public university in the Americas, theUniversidad Mayor Real y Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca; often abbreviated USFX. The university draws students both nationally and internationally, and different departments can be found scattered around the city. Degree areas at USFX include law, political science, medicine, odontology, chemistry, business administration, financial sciences, and more.[29]
The city also features other academic institutions such as a campus of the private university Universidad Privada del Valle, also known as Univalle, the National Teachers School (Escuela Nacional de Maestros "Mariscal Sucre"), the Universidad Privada Domingo Savio, and the Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar.[citation needed]
View of House of Freedom from the main squareMay 25th square
Built in 1621, it is perhaps the most important building of the nation. The republic was founded in this building bySimón Bolívar who wrote the Bolivian Constitution. The "Salón de la Independencia" houses the Bolivian Declaration of Independence.
Built on the same year of the foundation of the Republic, it is the first and the most important historical, bibliographical and documentation center of the country. The National Library has documents that date from 16th century.[30]
Built between 1559 and 1712, the cathedral has the "Museo Catedraliceo" which is the first and most important religious museum of the country. The "Pinacoteca" has a vast collection of paintings by Colonial and Republican masters and also by Europeans such as Bitti, Fourchaudt and Van Dyck. The Cathedral contains a vast amount of jewelry made of gold, silver and gemstones.
View of the Chuquisaca Governorship from the main square
One of the best buildings of republican architecture, this was completed in 1896. It was the first Palace of Government of Bolivia but when the government was moved to La Paz it became the Chuquisaca Governorship Palace.
On July 16, 1827, theSupreme Court of the Nation was established. Its first president was Dr. Manuel Maria Urcullo. Others prominent in its history include Dr. Pantaleon Dalence, who was twice president of the Supreme Court and through his qualities became known as the 'Father of Bolivian Justice'. This institution was installed in several places before moving to its current building. It was designed in the neoclassical style under the canons of French academicism and was inaugurated on May 25, 1945.
Some of the areas date from the late nineteenth century. Ornate mausoleums, tombs and gardens with magnificent old trees populate the space that is home to the graves of important people in the arts, sciences and the history both of Bolivia and of Latin America.
The bus terminal was inaugurated in 1975 and is located on Ostria Gutiérrez Avenue, offering regular national and departmental services.
By land, the city is connected toPotosí viaRoute 5 to the southwest, which then continues toUyuni, while the same route heading north leads to the cities of Cochabamba and Santa Cruz.
^Berberián, Eduardo E.; Raffino, Rodolfo A. (1991).Culturas indígenas de los Andes Meridionales (in Spanish). Alhambra.ISBN978-84-205-2049-0.Estando el Inca en la Provincia de Charca, vinieron Embaxadores del reino llamado Tucman, que los Españoles llaman Tucumán, que está docientas leguas de los Charcas, al sueste...
^"Tras la huella del Inka en Chile - Memoria Chilena".Memoria Chilena: Portal (in Spanish). RetrievedAugust 19, 2024.Un segundo paso fue privilegiar a un grupo sometido como los Charca, una sociedad aymara parlante que recibió el honor de ser excluida de todos sus trabajos y deberes con el Estado para servir como soldados del Inka.
^Saignes, Thierry (2007).Historia del pueblo Chiriguano (in Spanish). Plural editores.ISBN978-99954-1-067-4.En todo caso, Huayna Capac, muy preocupado, envió desde Quito a su mejor capitán, Yasca, quien volvió al Cuzco con un ejército...
^Baldivieso, Valentín Abecia (1939).... Historia de Chuquisaca (in Spanish). Editorial Charcas.Almagro se en caminó al Cuzco, de donde mandó a la villa de La Plata a Diego-Méndez con algunos caballos e infantes para subordinarla a su gobierno. Las autoridades no pudieron resistir y tuvieron de fugar, habiendo sido capturados Antonio Alvarez y Luis Villanueva, y la ciudad se sometió a Méndez, sacó mucho oro que los vecinos huidos habían dejado oculto en poder de los indios, después pasó a Porco, de donde sacó 60,000 pesos...
^abSucre., Sociedad Geográfica (1903).Diccionario geográfico del Departamento de Chuquisaca: contiene datos geográficos, históricos y estadisticos. Impr. "Bolívar" de M. Pizarro. pp. 296–97.
^"Klimatafel von Sucre, Prov. Chiquisaca / Bolivien"(PDF).Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst.Archived(PDF) from the original on February 24, 2020. RetrievedJanuary 27, 2016.
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