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Sub-orbital spaceflight

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(Redirected fromSuborbital)
Spaceflight where the spacecraft does not go into orbit
Video of sub-orbital spaceflight ofBlack Brant IX sounding rocket
Sub-orbital human spaceflight (FAI-definedspace border)
NameYearFlightsLocation
Mercury-Redstone 3
Mercury-Redstone 4		19612Cape Canaveral
X-15 Flight 90
X-15 Flight 91		19632Edwards AFB
Soyuz 18a19751Baikonur Cosmodrome
SpaceShipOne Flight 15P
SpaceShipOne Flight 16P
SpaceShipOne Flight 17P		20043Mojave Air and Space Port
Blue Origin NS-16[1]
Blue Origin NS-18
Blue Origin NS-19		20213Corn Ranch
Blue Origin NS-20
Blue Origin NS-21

Blue Origin NS-22

20223
Blue Origin NS-25
Blue Origin NS-26
Blue Origin NS-28		20243
Blue Origin NS-3020251
Sub-orbital human spaceflight (United States-definedspace border; excluding those above)
NameYearFlightsLocation
X-15 Flight 6219621Edwards AFB
X-15 Flight 77
X-15 Flight 87		19632
X-15 Flight 138
X-15 Flight 143
X-15 Flight 150
X-15 Flight 153		19654
X-15 Flight 17419661
X-15 Flight 190
X-15 Flight 191		19672
X-15 Flight 19719681
Soyuz MS-1020181Baikonur Cosmodrome
VSSUnity VP-0320181Mojave Air and Space Port
VSSUnity VF-0120191
VSSUnity Unity21
VSSUnity Unity22		20212Spaceport America
VSSUnity Unity25
Galactic 01
Galactic 02
Galactic 03
Galactic 04
Galactic 05		20236Spaceport America
Galactic 06
Galactic 07		20242Spaceport America

Asub-orbital spaceflight is aspaceflight in which thespacecraft reachesouter space, but itstrajectory intersects the surface of thegravitating body from which it was launched. Hence, it will not complete oneorbital revolution, will not become anartificial satellite nor will it reachescape velocity.

For example, the path of an object launched fromEarth that reaches theKármán line (about 83 km [52 mi] – 100 km [62 mi][2] abovesea level), and then falls back to Earth, is considered a sub-orbital spaceflight. Some sub-orbital flights have been undertaken to test spacecraft andlaunch vehicles later intended fororbital spaceflight. Other vehicles are specifically designed only for sub-orbital flight; examples include crewed vehicles, such as theX-15 andSpaceShipTwo, and uncrewed ones, such asICBMs andsounding rockets.

Flights which attain sufficient velocity to go intolow Earth orbit, and thende-orbit before completing their first full orbit, are not considered sub-orbital. Examples of this include flights of theFractional Orbital Bombardment System.

A flight that does not reach space is still sometimes called sub-orbital, but cannot officially be classified as a "sub-orbital spaceflight". Usually a rocket is used, but some experimental sub-orbital spaceflights have also been achieved via the use ofspace guns.[3]

Altitude requirement

[edit]
Isaac Newton's Cannonball. Paths A and B depict a sub-orbital trajectory.

By definition, a sub-orbital spaceflight reaches analtitude higher than 100 km (62 mi) abovesea level. This altitude, known as the Kármán line, was chosen by theFédération Aéronautique Internationale because it is roughly the point where a vehicle flying fast enough to support itself withaerodynamic lift from theEarth's atmosphere would be flying faster thanorbital speed.[4] The US military andNASA awardastronaut wings to those flying above 50 mi (80 km),[5] although theU.S. State Department does not show a distinct boundary between atmospheric flight andspaceflight.[6]

Orbit

[edit]

Duringfreefall the trajectory is part of anelliptic orbit as given by theorbit equation. Theperigee distance is less than theradius of the EarthR including atmosphere, hence theellipse intersects the Earth, and hence the spacecraft will fail to complete an orbit. The major axis is vertical, thesemi-major axisa is more thanR/2. Thespecific orbital energyϵ{\displaystyle \epsilon } is given by:

ε=−μ2a>−μR{\displaystyle \varepsilon =-{\mu \over {2a}}>-{\mu \over {R}}\,\!}

whereμ{\displaystyle \mu \,\!} is thestandard gravitational parameter.

Almost alwaysa <R, corresponding to a lowerϵ{\displaystyle \epsilon } than the minimum for a full orbit, which is−μ2R{\displaystyle -{\mu \over {2R}}\,\!}

Thus the net extra specific energy needed compared to just raising the spacecraft into space is between 0 andμ2R{\displaystyle \mu \over {2R}\,\!}.

Speed, range, and altitude

[edit]

To minimize the requireddelta-v (anastrodynamical measure which strongly determines the requiredfuel), the high-altitude part of the flight is made with therockets off (this is technically called free-fall even for the upward part of the trajectory). (Compare withOberth effect.) The maximumspeed in a flight is attained at the lowest altitude of this free-fall trajectory, both at the start and at the end of it.[citation needed]

If one's goal is simply to "reach space", for example in competing for theAnsari X Prize, horizontal motion is not needed. In this case the lowest required delta-v, to reach 100 km altitude, is about 1.4 km/s. Moving slower, with less free-fall, would require more delta-v.[citation needed]

Compare this with orbital spaceflights: a low Earth orbit (LEO), with an altitude of about 300 km, needs a speed around 7.7 km/s, requiring a delta-v of about 9.2 km/s. (If there were no atmospheric drag the theoretical minimum delta-v would be 8.1 km/s to put a craft into a 300-kilometer high orbit starting from a stationary point like the South Pole. The theoretical minimum can be up to 0.46 km/s less if launching eastward from near the equator.)[citation needed]

For sub-orbital spaceflights covering a horizontal distance the maximum speed and required delta-v are in between those of a vertical flight and a LEO. The maximum speed at the lower ends of the trajectory are now composed of a horizontal and a vertical component. The higher the horizontaldistance covered, the greater the horizontal speed will be. (The vertical velocity will increase with distance for short distances but will decrease with distance at longer distances.) For theV-2 rocket, just reaching space but with a range of about 330 km, the maximum speed was 1.6 km/s.Scaled Composites SpaceShipTwo which is under development will have a similar free-fall orbit but the announced maximum speed is 1.1 km/s (perhaps because of engine shut-off at a higher altitude).[citation needed][needs update]

For larger ranges, due to the elliptic orbit the maximum altitude can be much more than for a LEO. On a 10,000-kilometer intercontinental flight, such as that of an intercontinental ballistic missile or possible futurecommercial spaceflight, the maximum speed is about 7 km/s, and the maximum altitude may be more than 1300 km.Anyspaceflight that returns to the surface, including sub-orbital ones, will undergoatmospheric reentry. The speed at the start of the reentry is basically the maximum speed of the flight. Theaerodynamic heating caused will vary accordingly: it is much less for a flight with a maximum speed of only 1 km/s than for one with a maximum speed of 7 or 8 km/s.[citation needed]

The minimum delta-v and the corresponding maximum altitude for a given range can be calculated,d, assuming a spherical Earth of circumference40000 km and neglecting the Earth's rotation and atmosphere. Let θ be half the angle that the projectile is to go around the Earth, so in degrees it is 45°×d/10000 km. The minimum-delta-v trajectory corresponds to an ellipse with one focus at the centre of the Earth and the other at the point halfway between the launch point and the destination point (somewhere inside the Earth). (This is the orbit that minimizes the semi-major axis, which is equal to the sum of the distances from a point on the orbit to the two foci. Minimizing the semi-major axis minimizes thespecific orbital energy and thus the delta-v, which is the speed of launch.) Geometrical arguments lead then to the following (withR being the radius of the Earth, about 6370 km):

major axis=(1+sin⁡θ)R{\displaystyle {\text{major axis}}=(1+\sin \theta )R}

minor axis=R2(sin⁡θ+sin2⁡θ)=Rsin⁡(θ)semi-major axis{\displaystyle {\text{minor axis}}=R{\sqrt {2\left(\sin \theta +\sin ^{2}\theta \right)}}={\sqrt {R\sin(\theta ){\text{semi-major axis}}}}}

distance of apogee from centre of Earth=R2(1+sin⁡θ+cos⁡θ){\displaystyle {\text{distance of apogee from centre of Earth}}={\frac {R}{2}}(1+\sin \theta +\cos \theta )}

altitude of apogee above surface=(sin⁡θ2−sin2⁡θ2)R=(12sin⁡(θ+π4)−12)R{\displaystyle {\text{altitude of apogee above surface}}=\left({\frac {\sin \theta }{2}}-\sin ^{2}{\frac {\theta }{2}}\right)R=\left({\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\sin \left(\theta +{\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)-{\frac {1}{2}}\right)R}

The altitude of apogee is maximized (at about 1320 km) for a trajectory going one quarter of the way around the Earth (10000 km). Longer ranges will have lower apogees in the minimal-delta-v solution.

specific kinetic energy at launch=μR−μmajor axis=μRsin⁡θ1+sin⁡θ{\displaystyle {\text{specific kinetic energy at launch}}={\frac {\mu }{R}}-{\frac {\mu }{\text{major axis}}}={\frac {\mu }{R}}{\frac {\sin \theta }{1+\sin \theta }}}

Δv=speed at launch=2μRsin⁡θ1+sin⁡θ=2gRsin⁡θ1+sin⁡θ{\displaystyle \Delta v={\text{speed at launch}}={\sqrt {2{\frac {\mu }{R}}{\frac {\sin \theta }{1+\sin \theta }}}}={\sqrt {2gR{\frac {\sin \theta }{1+\sin \theta }}}}}

(whereg is the acceleration of gravity at the Earth's surface). The Δv increases with range, leveling off at 7.9 km/s as the range approaches20000 km (halfway around the world). The minimum-delta-v trajectory for going halfway around the world corresponds to a circular orbit just above the surface (of course in reality it would have to be above the atmosphere). See lower for the time of flight.

Anintercontinental ballistic missile is defined as a missile that can hit a target at least 5500 km away, and according to the above formula this requires an initial speed of 6.1 km/s. Increasing the speed to 7.9 km/s to attain any point on Earth requires a considerably larger missile because the amount of fuel needed goes up exponentially with delta-v (seeRocket equation).

The initial direction of a minimum-delta-v trajectory points halfway between straight up and straight toward the destination point (which is below the horizon). Again, this is the case if the Earth's rotation is ignored. It is not exactly true for a rotating planet unless the launch takes place at a pole.[7]

Flight duration

[edit]

In a vertical flight of not too high altitudes, the time of the free-fall is both for the upward and for the downward part the maximum speed divided by theacceleration of gravity, so with a maximum speed of 1 km/s together 3 minutes and 20 seconds. The duration of theflight phases before and after the free-fall can vary.[citation needed]

For an intercontinental flight theboost phase takes 3 to 5 minutes, the free-fall (midcourse phase) about 25 minutes. For an ICBM the atmospheric reentry phase takes about 2 minutes; this will be longer for any soft landing, such as for a possible future commercial flight.[citation needed]Test flight 4 of the SpaceX 'Starship' performed such a flight with a lift off from Texas and a simulated soft touchdown in the Indian Ocean 66 minutes after liftoff.

Sub-orbital flights can last from just seconds to days.Pioneer 1 wasNASA's firstspace probe, intended to reach theMoon. A partial failure caused it to instead follow a sub-orbital trajectory, reentering the Earth's atmosphere 43 hours after launch.[8]

To calculate the time of flight for a minimum-delta-v trajectory, according toKepler's third law, the period for the entire orbit (if it did not go through the Earth) would be:

period=(semi-major axisR)32×period of low Earth orbit=(1+sin⁡θ2)322πRg{\displaystyle {\text{period}}=\left({\frac {\text{semi-major axis}}{R}}\right)^{\frac {3}{2}}\times {\text{period of low Earth orbit}}=\left({\frac {1+\sin \theta }{2}}\right)^{\frac {3}{2}}2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {R}{g}}}}

UsingKepler's second law, we multiply this by the portion of the area of the ellipse swept by the line from the centre of the Earth to the projectile:

area fraction=1πarcsin⁡2sin⁡θ1+sin⁡θ+2cos⁡θsin⁡θπ(major axis)(minor axis){\displaystyle {\text{area fraction}}={\frac {1}{\pi }}\arcsin {\sqrt {\frac {2\sin \theta }{1+\sin \theta }}}+{\frac {2\cos \theta \sin \theta }{\pi {\text{(major axis)(minor axis)}}}}}

time of flight=((1+sin⁡θ2)32arcsin⁡2sin⁡θ1+sin⁡θ+12cos⁡θsin⁡θ)2Rg=((1+sin⁡θ2)32arccos⁡cos⁡θ1+sin⁡θ+12cos⁡θsin⁡θ)2Rg{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{time of flight}}&=\left(\left({\frac {1+\sin \theta }{2}}\right)^{\frac {3}{2}}\arcsin {\sqrt {\frac {2\sin \theta }{1+\sin \theta }}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\cos \theta {\sqrt {\sin \theta }}\right)2{\sqrt {\frac {R}{g}}}\\&=\left(\left({\frac {1+\sin \theta }{2}}\right)^{\frac {3}{2}}\arccos {\frac {\cos \theta }{1+\sin \theta }}+{\frac {1}{2}}\cos \theta {\sqrt {\sin \theta }}\right)2{\sqrt {\frac {R}{g}}}\\\end{aligned}}}

This gives about 32 minutes for going a quarter of the way around the Earth, and 42 minutes for going halfway around. For short distances, this expression isasymptotic to2d/g{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2d/g}}}.

From the form involving arccosine, the derivative of the time of flight with respect tod (or θ) goes to zero asd approaches20000 km (halfway around the world). The derivative of Δv also goes to zero here. So ifd =19000 km, the length of the minimum-delta-v trajectory will be about19500 km, but it will take only a few seconds less time than the trajectory ford =20000 km (for which the trajectory is20000 km long).

Flight profiles

[edit]
Profile for the first crewed American sub-orbital flight, 1961. Launch rocket lifts the spacecraft for the first 2:22 minutes. Dashed line: zero gravity.
Science and Mechanics cover of November 1931, showing a proposed sub-orbital spaceship that would reach an altitude 700 miles (1,100 km) on its one hour trip from Berlin to New York.

While there are a great many possible sub-orbital flight profiles, it is expected that some will be more common than others.

The X-15 (1958–1968) was launched to an altitude of 13.7 km by aB-52mothership, lifted itself to approximately 100 km, and then glided to the ground.

Ballistic missiles

[edit]

The first sub-orbital vehicles which reached space wereballistic missiles. The first ballistic missile to reach space was the GermanV-2, the work of the scientists atPeenemünde, on October 3, 1942, which reached an altitude of 53 miles (85 km).[9] Then in the late 1940s the US andUSSR concurrently developed missiles all of which were based on the V-2 Rocket, and then much longer range Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs). There are now many countries who possess ICBMs and even more with shorter rangeIntermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBMs).[citation needed]

Tourist flights

[edit]

Sub-orbital tourist flights will initially focus on attaining the altitude required to qualify as reaching space. The flight path will be either vertical or very steep, with the spacecraft landing back at its take-off site.

The spacecraft will shut off itsengines well before reaching maximum altitude, and then coast up to its highest point. During a few minutes, from the point when the engines are shut off to the point where the atmosphere begins to slow down the downward acceleration, the passengers will experienceweightlessness.

Megaroc had been planned for sub-orbital spaceflight by theBritish Interplanetary Society in the 1940s.[10][11]

In late 1945, a group led by M. Tikhonravov K. and N. G. Chernysheva at the Soviet NII-4 academy (dedicated to rocket artillery science and technology), began work on a stratospheric rocket project,VR-190, aimed at vertical flight by a crew of two pilots, to an altitude of 200 km (65,000 ft) using capturedV-2.[12]

In 2004, a number of companies worked on vehicles in this class as entrants to the Ansari X Prize competition. TheScaled Composites SpaceShipOne was officially declared byRick Searfoss to have won the competition on October 4, 2004, after completing two flights within a two-week period.

In 2005,Sir Richard Branson of theVirgin Group announced the creation ofVirgin Galactic and his plans for a 9-seat capacity SpaceShipTwo namedVSSEnterprise. It has since been completed with eight seats (one pilot, one co-pilot and six passengers) and has taken part in captive-carry tests and with the first mother-shipWhiteKnightTwo, orVMSEve. It has also completed solitary glides, with the movable tail sections in both fixed and "feathered" configurations. Thehybrid rocket motor has been fired multiple times in ground-based test stands, and was fired in a powered flight for the second time on 5 September 2013.[13] Four additional SpaceShipTwos have been ordered and will operate from the newSpaceport America. Commercial flights carrying passengers were expected in 2014, but became cancelled due to thedisaster during SS2 PF04 flight. Branson stated, "[w]e are going to learn from what went wrong, discover how we can improve safety and performance and then move forwards together."[14]

Scientific experiments

[edit]

A major use of sub-orbital vehicles today is asscientificsounding rockets. Scientific sub-orbital flights began in the 1920s whenRobert H. Goddard launched the firstliquid fueled rockets, however they did not reachspace altitude. In the late 1940s, captured GermanV-2 ballistic missiles were converted intoV-2 sounding rockets which helped lay the foundation for modern sounding rockets.[15] Today there are dozens of different sounding rockets on the market, from a variety of suppliers in various countries. Typically, researchers wish to conduct experiments inmicrogravity or above the atmosphere.

Sub-orbital transportation

[edit]

Research, such as that done for theX-20 Dyna-Soar project suggests that a semi-ballistic sub-orbital flight could travel from Europe to North America in less than an hour.

However, the size of rocket, relative to the payload, necessary to achieve this, is similar to an ICBM. ICBMs have delta-v's somewhat less than orbital; and therefore would be somewhat cheaper than the costs for reaching orbit, but the difference is not large.[16]

Due to the high cost of spaceflight, suborbital flights are likely to be initially limited to high value, very high urgency cargo deliveries such ascourier flights,military fast-response operations orspace tourism.[opinion]

TheSpaceLiner is a hypersonicsuborbital spaceplane concept that could transport 50 passengers fromAustralia toEurope in 90 minutes or 100 passengers from Europe toCalifornia in 60 minutes.[17] The main challenge lies in increasing the reliability of the different components, particularly the engines, in order to make their use for passenger transportation on a daily basis possible.

SpaceX is potentially considering using theirStarship as a sub-orbital point-to-point transportation system.[18]

Notable uncrewed sub-orbital spaceflights

[edit]
  • The first sub-orbital space flight was on 20 June 1944, whenMW 18014, aV-2 test rocket, launched fromPeenemünde in Germany and reached 176 kilometres altitude.[19]
  • Bumper 5, a two-stage rocket launched from theWhite Sands Proving Grounds. On 24 February 1949 the upper stage reached an altitude of 248 miles (399 km) and a speed of 7,553 feet per second (2,302 m/s; Mach 6.8).[20]
  • Albert II, a malerhesus macaque, became the first mammal in space on 14 June 1949 in a sub-orbital flight fromHolloman Air Force Base in New Mexico to an altitude of 83 miles (134 km) aboard a U.S.V-2 sounding rocket.
  • USSR –Energia, 15 May 1987, aPolyus payload which failed to reach orbit
  • SpaceXIFT-7, 16 January 2025, aStarshipflight test which blew up during ascent, forcing airline flights to alter course to avoid falling debris and setting back Elon Musk's flagship rocket program.[21][22] There were also numerous reports of damage on the ground.[23] It is, to date, the most massive object launched into a sub-orbital trajectory.

Crewed sub-orbital spaceflights

[edit]

Above 100 km (62.14 mi) in altitude.[a]

Timeline of Space­Ship­One, Space­Ship­Two, CSXT and New Shepard sub-orbital flights. Where booster and capsule achieved different altitudes, the higher is plotted. Inthe SVG file, hover over a point to show details.
Date (GMT)MissionCrewCountryRemarks
11961-05-05Mercury-Redstone 3Alan Shepard United StatesFirst crewed sub-orbital spaceflight, first American in space
21961-07-21Mercury-Redstone 4Virgil Grissom United StatesSecond crewed sub-orbital spaceflight, second American in space
31963-07-19X-15 Flight 90Joseph A. Walker United StatesFirst winged craft in space
41963-08-22X-15 Flight 91Joseph A. Walker United StatesFirst person and spacecraft to make two flights into space
51975-04-05Soyuz 18aVasili Lazarev
Oleg Makarov		 Soviet UnionFailed orbital launch. Aborted after malfunction during stage separation
62004-06-21SpaceShipOne flight 15PMike Melvill United StatesFirst commercial spaceflight
72004-09-29SpaceShipOne flight 16PMike Melvill United StatesFirst of two flights to winAnsari X-Prize
82004-10-04SpaceShipOne flight 17PBrian Binnie United StatesSecond X-Prize flight, clinching award
92021-07-20Blue Origin NS-16Jeff Bezos
Mark Bezos
Wally Funk
Oliver Daemen		 United StatesFirst crewed Blue Origin flight
102021-10-13Blue Origin NS-18Audrey Powers
Chris Boshuizen
Glen de Vries
William Shatner		 United StatesSecond crewed Blue Origin flight
112021-12-11Blue Origin NS-19 Laura Shepard Churchley
Michael Strahan
Dylan Taylor
Evan Dick
Lane Bess
Cameron Bess		 United StatesThird crewed Blue Origin flight
122022-03-31Blue Origin NS-20 Marty Allen
Sharon Hagle
Marc Hagle
Jim Kitchen
George Nield
Gary Lai		 United StatesFourth crewed Blue Origin flight
132022-06-04Blue Origin NS-21Evan Dick
Katya Echazarreta
Hamish Harding
Victor Correa Hespanha
Jaison Robinson
Victor Vescovo		 United StatesFifth crewed Blue Origin flight
142022-08-04Blue Origin NS-22Coby Cotton
Mário Ferreira
Vanessa O'Brien
Clint Kelly III
Sara Sabry
Steve Young		 United StatesSixth crewed Blue Origin flight
152024-05-19Blue Origin NS-25Mason Angel
Sylvain Chiron
Ed Dwight
Kenneth Hess
Carol Schaller
Gopichand Thotakura		 United StatesSeventh crewed Blue Origin flight
162024-08-29Blue Origin NS-26Nicolina Elrick
Rob Ferl
Eugene Grin
Eiman Jahangir
Karsen Kitchen
Ephraim Rabin		 United StatesEighth crewed Blue Origin flight
172024-11-22Blue Origin NS-28Henry (Hank) Wolfond
Austin Litteral
James (J.D.) Russell
Sharon Hagle
Marc Hagle
Emily Calandrelli		 United StatesNinth crewed Blue Origin flight
182024-02-25Blue Origin NS-30Lane Bess
Jesús Calleja
Tushar Shah
Richard Scott
Elaine Chia Hyde
Russell Wilson		 United StatesTenth crewed Blue Origin flight

Crewed vertically-launched suborbital flights

[edit]

Most manned rocket flights were eitherorbital spaceflights or flights of rocket-powered aircraft, which were launched horizontally. Manned vertically-launched suborbital flights were before the first launch ofNew Shepard rare and often the result of a failure of a manned rocket for orbital spaceflight. The following list shows all manned vertically-launched suborbital rocket flights.

Date (GMT)MissionCrewLaunch vehicleApogeeCountryRemarks
1945-03-01M23-1Lothar SieberBachem Ba 349 Natter1.5 km Germanyended in crash whereby Lothar Sieber was killed
1961-05-05Mercury-Redstone 3Alan ShepardMercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle187.5 km United Statesfirst American in space
1961-07-21Mercury-Redstone 4Virgil GrissomMercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle190.3 km United Statessecond American in space
1975-04-05Soyuz 18aVasili Lazarev
Oleg Makarov		Soyuz192 km Soviet UnionFailed orbital launch. Aborted after malfunction during stage separation
1983-09-26Soyuz 7K-ST No.16LVladimir Titov
Gennadi Strekalov		Soyuz0.65 km Soviet UnionLaunch abort
1986-01-28 STS-25Francis R. "Dick" Scobee
Michael J. Smith
Ellison S. Onizuka
Judith A. Resnik
Ronald E. McNair
Gregory B. Jarvis
S. Christa McAuliffe		Space Shuttle Challenger20 km United StatesSpace Shuttle Challenger disaster, all astronauts on board were killed
2014-01-30Hughes 1 Mike Hughesself-built rocket0.419 km United StatesMike Hughes got injured
2018-03-24Hughes 2 Mike Hughesself-built rocket0.572 km United States
2018-10-11Soyuz MS-10Aleksey Ovchinin
Nick Hague		Soyuz93 km RussiaFailed orbital launch
2020-02-22Hughes 3 Mike Hughesself-built rocket1.5 km United StatesMike Hughes killed at crash landing as parachute was destroyed at launch
2021-07-20Blue Origin NS-16Jeff Bezos
Mark Bezos
Wally Funk
Oliver Daemen		New Shepard107 km United StatesFirst crewed Blue Origin flight
2021-10-13Blue Origin NS-18Audrey Powers
Chris Boshuizen
Glen de Vries
William Shatner		New Shepard107 km United StatesSecond crewed Blue Origin flight
2021-12-11Blue Origin NS-19 Laura Shepard Churchley
Michael Strahan
Dylan Taylor
Evan Dick
Lane Bess
Cameron Bess		New Shepard107 km United StatesThird crewed Blue Origin flight
2022-03-31Blue Origin NS-20 Marty Allen
Sharon Hagle
Marc Hagle
Jim Kitchen
George Nield
Gary Lai		New Shepard107 km United StatesFourth crewed Blue Origin flight
2022-06-04Blue Origin NS-21Evan Dick
Katya Echazarreta
Hamish Harding
Victor Correa Hespanha
Jaison Robinson
Victor Vescovo		New Shepard107 km United StatesFifth crewed Blue Origin flight
2022-08-04Blue Origin NS-22Coby Cotton
Mário Ferreira
Vanessa O'Brien
Clint Kelly III
Sara Sabry
Steve Young		New Shepard107 km United StatesSixth crewed Blue Origin flight
2024-05-19Blue Origin NS-25Mason Angel
Sylvain Chiron
Ed Dwight
Kenneth Hess
Carol Schaller
Gopichand Thotakura		New Shepard107 km United StatesSeventh crewed Blue Origin flight
2024-08-29Blue Origin NS-26Nicolina Elrick
Rob Ferl
Eugene Grin
Eiman Jahangir
Karsen Kitchen
Ephraim Rabin		New Shepard105 km United StatesEighth crewed Blue Origin flight
2024-11-22Blue Origin NS-28Henry (Hank) Wolfond
Austin Litteral
James (J.D.) Russell
Sharon Hagle
Marc Hagle
Emily Calandrelli		New Shepard107 km United StatesNinth crewed Blue Origin flight
2025-02-25Blue Origin NS-30Lane Bess
Jesús Calleja
Tushar Shah
Richard Scott
Elaine Chia Hyde
Russell Wilson		New Shepard107 km United StatesTenth crewed Blue Origin flight

Future of crewed sub-orbital spaceflight

[edit]

Private companies such asVirgin Galactic,Armadillo Aerospace (reinvented as Exos Aerospace),Airbus,[24]Blue Origin andMasten Space Systems are taking an interest in sub-orbital spaceflight, due in part to ventures like the Ansari X Prize.NASA and others are experimenting withscramjet-basedhypersonic aircraft which may well be used with flight profiles that qualify as sub-orbital spaceflight.Non-profit entities likeARCASPACE andCopenhagen Suborbitals also attemptrocket-based launches.

Suborbital spaceflight projects

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Flights exceeding 80km but not 100km, including those flown bySpaceShipTwo, are recognized as spaceflight by the United States.

References

[edit]
  1. ^Foust, Jeff (20 July 2021)."Blue Origin launches Bezos on first crewed New Shepard flight".SpaceNews. Retrieved20 Jul 2021.
  2. ^Reinhardt, Dean N. (2007)."The Vertical Limit of State Sovereignty".Journal of Air Law and Commerce.72 (1).
  3. ^"Martlet". Archived fromthe original on 2010-09-26.
  4. ^"100 km Altitude Boundary for Astronautics".Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. Archived fromthe original on 2011-08-09. Retrieved2017-09-14.
  5. ^Whelan, Mary (5 June 2013)."X-15 Space Pioneers Now Honored as Astronauts".nasa.gov.Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved4 May 2018.
  6. ^"85. U.S. Statement, Definition and Delimitation of Outer Space And The Character And Utilization Of The Geostationary Orbit, Legal Subcommittee of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space at its 40th Session in Vienna from April".state.gov. Retrieved4 May 2018.
  7. ^Blanco, Philip (September 2020). "Modeling ICBM Trajectories Around a Rotating Globe with Systems Tool Kit".The Physics Teacher.58 (7):494–496.Bibcode:2020PhTea..58..494B.doi:10.1119/10.0002070.S2CID 225017449.
  8. ^"Pioneer 1 - NSSDC ID: 1958-007A". NASA NSSDC.
  9. ^Germany's V-2 Rocket, Kennedy, Gregory P.
  10. ^Hollingham, Richard."How a Nazi rocket could have put a Briton in space".bbc.com.Archived from the original on 14 November 2016. Retrieved4 May 2018.
  11. ^"Megaroc".www.bis-space.com.Archived from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved4 May 2018.
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