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Subdivisions of England

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Administrative division or non-administrative ceremonial area of England
For other subdivisions, seeHistorical and alternative regions of England.

Subdivisions of England
Administrative map of England (2010)
Subdivisions of England (as of 1 April 2023) that have a principal local authority: two-tiernon-metropolitan counties and theirnon-metropolitan districts;metropolitan boroughs;unitary authorities;London boroughs; and thesui generisCity of London andIsles of Scilly.
LocationEngland
Subdivisions
This article is part ofa series within the
Politics of the United Kingdom on the

Thesubdivisions ofEngland constitute a hierarchy ofadministrative divisions and non-administrative ceremonial areas.

Overall, England is divided intonine regions and48 ceremonial counties, although these have only a limited role in public policy. For the purposes oflocal government, the country is divided intocounties,districts andparishes. In some areas, counties and districts form a two-tier administrative structure, while in others they are combined under aunitary authority. Parishes cover only part of England.

The current system is the result of incremental reform which has its origins in legislation enacted in 1965 and1972.[1]

  unitary authority (non-metropolitan county and district)
  non-metropolitan county with multiple unitary authorities (which are not counties)
  sui generis areas (City of London andIsles of Scilly)
   regional boundary 
   ceremonial county boundary 
   non-metropolitan county boundary 

Administrative

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England has a non-universal structure oflocal government subdivisions. There are two tiers of local government subdivision -(administrative) counties anddistricts (known as boroughs in London).[2]

Different local divisions exist across England:[2]

The authority structure is slowly replacing the tier structure and metropolitan boroughs with all the metropolitan boroughs in combined authorities and periodic abolitions of the tier structure councils into unitary authority councils.

Tiers

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The 1974 reform of local government established the tier structure throughout England with county authorities in metropolitan and Greater London also existing, 1986 reform abolished these. From the 1996 reform the structure's use has been declining, 21 tiered areas remain out of the original 48. The county tier provides the majority of services, including education and social services while the 164 district-tier councils have a more limited role.[1]

Authorities

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As of April 2023, there are 62 unitary authorities.[2] Unitary authorities have control of their areas functioning.[3] There is a general push towards the reorganisation of English local government to the authority structure, often reorganisation is a condition of new devolution powers.[4] 46 unitary authorities were created fromthe 1996 reform, nine more werecreated in 2009, followed by further changes in2019, 2020, 2021 and 2023. TheGreater London administrative area was created in 1965 with 32 boroughs, excluding theCity of London.[5] Six Metropolitan two-tiered areas were created in 1974, similar to the Greater London model. These county-tier councils had extra devolved powers to others. In 1986, the county-tier was abolished with theLondon boroughs,Metropolitan boroughs and combined boards remaining. Apart from status these boroughs have the same powers to unitary authorities.

Combined authorities operate the opposite way round to the county in a tier structure, the combined authority acts on what the unitary authorities have agreed upon to focus on and what powers have been given by central government. In 2000, theGreater London Authority was created with an electedMayor of London and theLondon Assembly.[5] In 2010, theGreater Manchester Combined Authority was created with a similar modal to the GLA a with further combined authorities based on the GMCA created. As of June 2023[update], 10 combined authorities and the Greater London Authority currently exist.

Other

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Sui generis

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TheIsles of Scilly are governed by asui generis local authority called theCouncil of the Isles of Scilly. The authority was established in 1890 as the Isles of Scilly Rural District Council. It was renamed but otherwise unreformed by the changes in local government that occurred in 1974 in the rest of England outside Greater London.[6] Although effectively a unitary authority, for example it is an education authority,[7] the Isles of Scilly are part of theCornwall ceremonial county and combine withCornwall Council for services such as health[8] and economic development.[9]

The ancientCity of London is the only part of Greater London not within a London borough; it is governed by theCity of London Corporation, asui generis authority unlike any other in England[5] that has largely avoided any of the reforms of local government in the 19th and 20th centuries.[10]

Civil parishes

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Main article:Civil parishes in England

The civil parish is the most local unit of government in England.[1] A parish is governed by aparish council orparish meeting, which exercises a limited number of functions that would otherwise be delivered by the local authority. There is one civil parish in Greater London (Queen's Park, in theCity of Westminster),[11] and not all of the rest of England is parished. The number of parishes and total area parished is growing.

Non-administrative

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Regions

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Regions of England
Main article:Regions of England

At the highest level, all of England is divided into nine regions that are each made up of a number of counties and districts. These "government office regions" were created in 1994,[12] and from the1999 Euro-elections up until the UK's exit from the EU, they were used as theEuropean Parliament constituencies in the United Kingdom and in England'sEuropean Parliament constituencies.

The regions vary greatly in their areas covered, populations and contributions to the national economy.[12] All have the same status, exceptLondon which has substantivedevolved powers.[13]

There was a failed attempt to createelected regional assemblies outside London in 2004 and since then the structures of regional governance (regional assemblies,regional development agencies andlocal authority leaders' boards) have been subject to review. Following the change of government in 2010, these were scheduled for abolition by 2012.[needs update]

Ceremonial and historic counties

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Main articles:Ceremonial counties of England andHistoric counties of England

For non-administrative purposes, England is wholly divided into 48ceremonial counties.[14] These are used for the purposes of appointingLords Lieutenant[14] who are the Crown's representatives in those areas as well as a way of grouping non-metropolitan counties. They are taken into consideration when drawing up Parliamentary constituency boundaries.[citation needed] Ceremonial counties are commonly named after historic counties, the ceremonial county acts as an in between for the administrative boundaries and long established areas used in fields such as sport.

Titles, non-metropolitan and metropolitan counties

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Main articles:Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England andDistricts of England

County-tier councils and each unitary authority are separatenon-metropolitan counties, each non-metropolitan county can be known as a district, city or borough.Berkshire is an anomaly in this arrangement whereby its districts became unitary authorities, the non-metropolitan county remain to keep the title ofRoyal county, in the same way the metropolitan county remained when the county-tier councils were abolished.[15] Each correspond to an administrative body.

Non-metropolitan districts can also be a borough, city or district. Unitary authority areas are joint non-metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan districts.

Lists

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See also:List of county councils in England
See also:List of English districts

Regions

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TypeRegion
Set up1994
No9
Units

Non-metropolitan (two-tier)

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TypeNon-metropolitan countyNon-metropolitan district
Set up19741974
No21164
UnitsList of districts

Metropolitan

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TypeCountyBorough
Set up19741974
No636
UnitsGreater Manchester
Merseyside
South Yorkshire
Tyne and Wear
West Midlands
West Yorkshire

London

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TypeLondon boroughSui generis
Set up1965in antiquity
No321
Units
Total33

Unitary authorities

[edit]
TypeSet upNoUnits
County gained district functions20232
District(s) gained county functions20232
District(s) gained county functions20212
District(s) gained county functions20201
District(s) gained county functions20192
County gained district functions20095
District(s) gained county functions20094
District(s) gained county functions199821
District(s) gained county functions199711
9
District gained county functions199613
County gained district functions19951
Sui generis18901
Total63

Civil parishes

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Hierarchical list of regions, strategic authorities, counties and districts

[edit]
RegionStrategic
authority		Ceremonial
county		Metropolitan or
non-metropolitan
county		Districts
May also hold borough and/or city status
East of England
Essex1. Thurrock U.A.
2. Southend-on-Sea U.A.
3. Essex †a) Harlow,b) Epping Forest,c) Brentwood,d) Basildon,e) Castle Point,f) Rochford,g) Maldon,h) Chelmsford,i) Uttlesford,j) Braintree,k) Colchester,l) Tendring
4. Hertfordshire †a) Three Rivers,b) Watford,c) Hertsmere,d) Welwyn Hatfield,e) Broxbourne,f) East Hertfordshire,g) Stevenage,h) North Hertfordshire,i) St Albans,j) Dacorum
Bedfordshire5. Luton U.A.
6. Bedford U.A.
7. Central Bedfordshire U.A.
Cambridgeshire and PeterboroughCambridgeshire8. Cambridgeshire †a) Cambridge,b) South Cambridgeshire,c) Huntingdonshire,d) Fenland,e) East Cambridgeshire
9. Peterborough U.A.
10. Norfolk †a) Norwich,b) South Norfolk,c) Great Yarmouth,d) Broadland,e) North Norfolk,f) Breckland,g) King's Lynn and West Norfolk
11. Suffolk †a) Ipswich,b)East Suffolk,c) Babergh,d) Mid Suffolk,e)West Suffolk
East Midlands
East MidlandsDerbyshire1. Derbyshire †a) High Peak,b) Derbyshire Dales,c) South Derbyshire,d) Erewash,e) Amber Valley,f) North East Derbyshire,g) Chesterfield,h) Bolsover
2. Derby U.A.
Nottinghamshire3. Nottinghamshire †a) Rushcliffe,b) Broxtowe,c) Ashfield,d) Gedling,e) Newark and Sherwood,f) Mansfield,g) Bassetlaw
4. Nottingham U.A.
Greater Lincolnshire
(part only)		Lincolnshire
(part only)		5. Lincolnshire †a) Lincoln,b) North Kesteven,c) South Kesteven,d) South Holland,e) Boston,f) East Lindsey,g) West Lindsey
Leicestershire6. Leicestershire †a) Charnwood,b) Melton,c) Harborough,d) Oadby and Wigston,e) Blaby,f) Hinckley and Bosworth,g) North West Leicestershire
7. Leicester U.A.
8. Rutland U.A.
Northamptonshire9. West Northamptonshire U.A.
10. North Northamptonshire U.A.
London
Greater London Authority1. Greater Londonnone

a) City of Westminster,b) Kensington and Chelsea,c) Hammersmith and Fulham,d) Wandsworth,e) Lambeth,f) Southwark,g) Tower Hamlets,h) Hackney,i) Islington,j) Camden,k) Brent,l) Ealing,m) Hounslow,n) Richmond,o) Kingston upon Thames,p) Merton,q) Sutton,r) Croydon,s) Bromley,t) Lewisham,u) Greenwich,v) Bexley,w) Havering,x) Barking and Dagenham,y) Redbridge,z) Newham,aa) Waltham Forest,ab) Haringey,ac) Enfield,ad) Barnet,ae) Harrow,af) Hillingdon

2. City of LondonnoneCity of London
North East
North East1. Northumberland U.A.
2. Tyne and Wear *a) Newcastle upon Tyne,c) North Tyneside
b) Gateshead,d) South Tyneside,e) Sunderland
Durham3. County Durham U.A.
Tees Valley4. Darlington U.A.
5. Hartlepool U.A.
6. Stockton-on-Tees U.A.
North Yorkshire
(part only)
7. Redcar and Cleveland U.A.
8. Middlesbrough U.A.
North West
Cumbria1. Cumberland U.A.
2. Westmorland and Furness U.A
LancashireLancashire3. Lancashire †a) West Lancashire,b) Chorley,c) South Ribble,d) Fylde,e) Preston,f) Wyre,g) Lancaster,h) Ribble Valley,i) Pendle,j) Burnley,k) Rossendale,l) Hyndburn
4. Blackpool U.A.
5. Blackburn with Darwen U.A.
Greater Manchester6. Greater Manchester *a) Bolton,b) Bury,c) Manchester,d) Oldham,e) Rochdale,f) Salford,g) Stockport,h) Tameside,i) Trafford,j) Wigan
Liverpool City Region7. Merseyside *a) Knowsley,b) Liverpool,c) St. Helens,d) Sefton,e) Wirral
Cheshire8. Halton U.A.
9. Warrington U.A.
10. Cheshire West and Chester U.A.
11. Cheshire East U.A.
South East
1. Berkshire ‡a) West Berkshire U.A.,b) Reading U.A.,c) Wokingham U.A.,d) Bracknell Forest U.A.,e) Windsor and Maidenhead U.A.,f) Slough U.A.
Buckinghamshire2. Buckinghamshire U.A.
3. Milton Keynes U.A.
East Sussex4. East Sussex †a) Hastings,b) Rother,c) Wealden,d) Eastbourne,e) Lewes
5. Brighton & Hove U.A.
Kent6. Kent †a) Dartford,b) Gravesham,c) Sevenoaks,d) Tonbridge and Malling,e) Tunbridge Wells,f) Maidstone,g) Swale,h) Ashford,i) Folkestone and Hythe,j) Canterbury,k) Dover,l) Thanet
7. Medway U.A.
8. Oxfordshire †a) Oxford,b) Cherwell,c) South Oxfordshire,d) Vale of White Horse, e) West Oxfordshire
9. Surrey †a) Spelthorne,b) Runnymede,c) Surrey Heath,d) Woking,e) Elmbridge,f) Guildford,g) Waverley,h) Mole Valley,i) Epsom and Ewell,j) Reigate and Banstead,k) Tandridge
10. West Sussex †a) Worthing,b) Arun,c) Chichester,d) Horsham,e) Crawley,f) Mid Sussex,g) Adur
Hampshire11. Hampshire †a) Fareham,b) Gosport,c) Winchester,d) Havant,e) East Hampshire,f) Hart,g) Rushmoor,h) Basingstoke and Deane,i) Test Valley,j) Eastleigh,k) New Forest
12. Southampton U.A.
13. Portsmouth U.A.
14. Isle of Wight U.A.
South West
Dorset1. Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole U.A.
2. Dorset U.A.
Somerset3. North Somerset U.A.
4. Somerset U.A.
West of England5. Bath and North East Somerset U.A
6. Bristol U.A.
Gloucestershire7. South Gloucestershire U.A.
8. Gloucestershire †a) Gloucester,b) Tewkesbury,c) Cheltenham,d) Cotswold,e) Stroud,f) Forest of Dean
Wiltshire9. Swindon U.A.
10. Wiltshire U.A.
Devon and TorbayDevon11. Devon †a) Exeter,b) East Devon,c) Mid Devon,d) North Devon,e) Torridge,f) West Devon,g) South Hams,h) Teignbridge
12. Torbay U.A.
13. Plymouth U.A.
Cornwallnone14. Isles of Scillysui generis U.A.
15. Cornwall U.A.
West Midlands
1. Herefordshire U.A.
Shropshire2. Shropshire U.A.
3. Telford and Wrekin U.A.
Staffordshire4. Staffordshire †a) Cannock Chase,b) East Staffordshire,c) Lichfield,d) Newcastle-under-Lyme,e) South Staffordshire,f) Stafford,g) Staffordshire Moorlands,h) Tamworth
5. Stoke-on-Trent U.A.
6. Warwickshire †a) North Warwickshire,b) Nuneaton and Bedworth,c) Rugby,d) Stratford-on-Avon,e) Warwick
West Midlands7. West Midlands *a) Birmingham,b) Coventry,c) Dudley,d) Sandwell,e) Solihull,f) Walsall,g) Wolverhampton
8. Worcestershire †a) Bromsgrove,b) Malvern Hills,c) Redditch,d) Worcester,e) Wychavon,f) Wyre Forest
Yorkshire and the Humber
South Yorkshire1. South Yorkshire *a) Sheffield,b) Rotherham,c) Barnsley,d) Doncaster
West Yorkshire2. West Yorkshire *a) Wakefield,b) Kirklees,c) Calderdale,d) Bradford,e) Leeds
York and North YorkshireNorth Yorkshire
(part only)		3. North Yorkshire U.A.
4. York U.A.
Hull and East YorkshireEast Riding of Yorkshire5. East Riding of Yorkshire U.A.
6. Kingston upon Hull U.A.
Greater Lincolnshire
(part only)		Lincolnshire
(part only)		7. North Lincolnshire U.A.
8. North East Lincolnshire U.A.
  † Two-tiernon-metropolitan county
  ‡ Royal non-metropolitan county
       (no county council)
  Unitary authority district that is not a county
  U.A.Unitary authority area (non-metropolitan county and district)
       (no county council)
   Greater London Authority

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Metropolitan (36);non-metropolitan two-tier (164);unitary authority (62);London borough (32);sui generis (2)
  2. ^abcdefghiAlso a ceremonial county covering a larger area
  3. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrA new district was created, merging previous districts, to form the basis of the unitary authority
  4. ^abcdeAlso a ceremonial county of identical area
  5. ^abmerged intoBournemouth, Christchurch and Poole in 2019

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcJones, B., Kavanagh, D., Moran, M. & Norton, P., Politics UK, (2004), Pearson Longman.
  2. ^abc"Local government structure and elections".GOV.UK. Retrieved27 February 2022.
  3. ^"Local Government Act 1992". Office of Public Sector Information. 1992. Retrieved8 August 2010.
  4. ^"The political and governance implications of unitary reorganisation | Local Government Association".www.local.gov.uk. Retrieved27 February 2022.
  5. ^abcTravers, T., The Politics of London, (2004), Palgrave
  6. ^"Local Government Act 1972". Office of Public Sector Information. 1972. Retrieved9 August 2010.
  7. ^"Education and Learning". Council of the Isles of Scilly. Archived fromthe original on 4 June 2009. Retrieved9 August 2010.
  8. ^"About Us". Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Primary Care Trust. Retrieved9 August 2010.
  9. ^"The Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Enterprise Partnership". Cornwall Council. 30 July 2010. Retrieved9 August 2010.
  10. ^Hebbert, Michael (1998).London: More by fortune than design. John Wiley & Sons.
  11. ^"Queen's Park parish council gets go-ahead".BBC News London. 29 May 2012. Retrieved2 August 2014.
  12. ^abAtkinson, H. & Wilks-Heeg, S. (2000).Local Government from Thatcher to Blair. Polity.
  13. ^Collins, S., Colville, I & Pengelly, S., A Guide to the Greater London Authority, (2000), Sweet and Maxwell
  14. ^ab"Lieutenancies Act 1997". Office of Public Sector Information. 1997. Retrieved8 August 2010.
  15. ^"The Berkshire (Structural Change) Order 1996". National Archives(legislation.gov.uk). 1996. Retrieved13 September 2012.

External links

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Region
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District andcivil parish
Local government in the United Kingdom
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Local government in Wales
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