The altar image of theImmaculate Conception inManila Cathedral by the Roman sculptor Vincenzo Assenza, adorned with a festalmandorla containing the first four Latin words of the hymn
The earliest text of thishymn was found in aCoptic OrthodoxChristmas liturgy. Rylands Papyrus 470 records the hymn inGreek, and was dated to the 3rd century by papyrologistEdgar Lobel and by scholarColin Henderson Roberts to the 4th century.[1][2][3][4] By contrast, Hans Förster dates it to the 8th century and states that Roberts quoted Lobel, and that there is no consensus supporting the Lobel date.[5] Although he notes that a number of scholars support Lobel and Roberts, Towarek follows Förster and others in concluding that the earliest textual witness to the hymn is of 6th-7th century provenance and that it became liturgically prevalent in the Middle Ages.[6][7]
Recent scholarship has identified the hymn in the Georgian Iadgari (Chantbook) of Jerusalem, demonstrating that theSub tuum praesidium was in liturgical use during the 5th century.[8][9] Besides the Greek text, ancient versions can be found inCoptic,Syriac,Armenian andLatin.[10]
Pope Pius VI in the decree of 5 April 1786 granted the indulgence of one hundred days and, on Sundays, of seven years and the same number of forty years to anyone who with sincerecontrition recited in the morning theantiphonSalve Regina and in the evening theSub tuum praesidium.[11] TheEnchiridion Indulgentiarum of 2004 provides for partial indulgence.[12]
In theArmenian Rite, the hymn is sung on theEve of Theophany and is also used as an acclamation (Armenian:մաղթանք) in the dailycompline service known as the Rest Hour (Հանգստեան Ժամ). A slightly different version of the hymn is appended to theTrisagion when the latter is chanted in the daily Morning (Առաւօտեան) and Evening (Երեկոյեան) Hours of theDaily Office. The hymn is also used in the Coptic,Byzantine, andAmbrosian liturgies.
Since 2018,Pope Francis has asked to pray this hymn along with theRosary and thePrayer to Saint Michael asking for the unity of the Church during October (2018). In the official communiqué he added that "Russian mystics and the great saints of all the traditions advised, in moments of spiritual turbulence, to shelter beneath the mantle of the Holy Mother of God pronouncing the invocation 'Sub Tuum Praesidium'".[15]
A mosaic rendition of theVirgin of Mercy with the inscription in a school—orphanage administered by the Order of Saint Paul the Hermit inBratislava, Slovakia.
This version continues to be used by theOld Believers today, as well as those churches (Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic alike) which use the Ruthenian Recension.[19]
^Matthewes-Green, Frederica (2007).The Lost Gospel of Mary: The Mother of Jesus in Three Ancient Texts. Brewster MA: Paraclete Press. pp. 85–87.ISBN978-1-55725-536-5.
^See the Leuven Database of Ancient Books,P. Ryl. 470. About the date of the papyrus Rylands III 470, see also Hans Förster, «Die älteste marianische Antiphon - eine Fehldatierung? Überlegungen zum "ältesten Beleg" des Sub tuum praesidium», inJournal of Coptic Studies 7 (2005), pp. 99-109.
^O'Carroll, Michael (1982).Theotokos. A Theological Encyclopedia of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Wilmington: Michael Glazier Inc. p. 336.
^Mercenier, François (1939).L'Antienne mariale grecque la plus ancienne (in French). Le Muséon 52. pp. 229–233.
^Hans Förster, «Die älteste marianische Antiphon - eine Fehldatierung? Überlegungen zum "ältesten Beleg" des Sub tuum praesidium», inJournal of Coptic Studies 7 (2005), pp. 99-109.
^The first Christian hymnal : the songs of the ancient Jerusalem church. Stephen J. Shoemaker. Provo, Utah. 2018. pp. xxviii.ISBN978-1-944394-68-4.OCLC1047578356.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
^The Lenten Triodion. The Service Books of the Orthodox Church. Translated by Mother Mary;Ware, Kallistos. South Canaan, PA: St. Tikhon's Seminary Press. 2002. pp. 90–92.
^Service-Book for Clergy: Vespers. Pittsburgh, PA: Metropolitan Cantor Institute. 2019. p. 81.
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