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Astylus[a] is awriting utensil or tool for scribing or marking into softer materials. Different styluses were used to write incuneiform by pressing into wet clay, and to scribe or carve into awax tablet. Very hard styluses are also used toengrave metal, and theslate and stylus system is used to punch out dots to write inBraille.[2]
Styluses are held in the hand and thus are usually a narrow elongated shape, similar to a modernballpoint pen. Many styluses are heavily curved to be held more easily.
The wordstylus is also used to describecomputer styluses used to assist in navigating or providing more precision when usingtouchscreens.
Stylus comes from theLatinstilus—the spellingstylus arose from an erroneous connection with Greekstylos (στύλος), 'pillar'.[3]
The Latin word had several meanings, including "a long, sharply pointed piece of metal; the stem of a plant; a pointed instrument for incising letters; the stylus (as used in literary composition), 'pen'".[3] The last meaning is the origin ofstyle in the literary sense. The Latin word is probably derived from theIndo-European root*stei- 'to prick', also found in the wordsstimulus 'a goad, stimulus' andinstigare 'to incite, instigate'.[4]
Styluses were first used by theancient Mesopotamians in order to write incuneiform. They were mostly made ofreeds and had a slightly curved trapezoidal section.[5][6][7] Egyptians (Middle Kingdom) and theMinoans ofCrete (Linear A and Cretan Hieroglyphic) made styluses in various materials: reeds that grew on the sides of theTigris andEuphrates rivers and inmarshes and down to Egypt where the Egyptians used styluses from sliced reeds with sharp points; bone and metal styluses were also used. Cuneiform was entirely based on the "wedge-shaped" mark that the end of a cut reed made when pushed into aclay tablet; fromLatincuneus 'wedge'. The linear writings of Crete in the first half of the second millennium BC which were made on clay tablets that were left to dry in the sun until they became "leather-hard" before being incised by the stylus. The linear nature of the writing was also dictated by the use of the stylus.
In Western Europe styluses were widely used until thelate Middle Ages. For learning purposes, the stylus was gradually replaced by awriting slate. From the mid-14th century improved water-poweredpaper mills produced large and cheap quantities of paper and thewax tablet and stylus disappeared completely from daily life.
Styluses are still used in various arts and crafts, for example in: rubbing offdry transfer letters, tracing designs onto a new surface withcarbon paper, and handembossing. Styluses are also used toengrave into materials likemetal orclay.
Styluses are used to make dots as found in folk art and Mexican pottery artifacts.Oaxaca dot art is created using styluses.
Modern day devices, such as phones, can often be used with a stylus to accurately navigate through menus, send messages etc. Today, the termstylus often refers to an input tool usually used withtouchscreen-enabled devices, such asTablet PCs, to accurately navigate interface elements, send messages, etc. This also prevents smearing the screen with oils from one's fingers. Styluses may also be used for handwriting, or for drawing usinggraphics tablets.
Many new phones have a built-in stylus which tucks in behind the back cover. Some styluses may extend and contract into small, pen-like cylinders, which are easy to put away.
Styluses come in both passive and active versions.
A passive or capacitive stylus is a stylus that acts just like a finger when touching a device screen. There is no electronic communication between a passive stylus and a device, and the device treats the stylus the same as a finger. Passive styluses are considered less accurate than active styluses.
An active stylus includes electronic components that communicate with a device's touchscreen controller, or digitizer. Active pens are typically used for note taking, on-screen drawing/painting, and electronic document annotation. They help prevent the problem of one's fingers or hands accidentally contacting the screen.
As in ancient styluses, the stylus is pointed or rounded at one end and is made to fit in the grip of a hand comfortably. These styluses can be found in many different styles.
Since many modern tablets make use of multi-touch recognition, some stylus and app manufactures have created palm rejection technologies into their products. This works to turn off the multi-touch feature allowing the palm to rest on the tablet while still recognizing the stylus.
Other than the types above, a haptic stylus is a stylus that simulates, throughhaptic technology, realistic physical sensations which can be felt while writing on paper. The sensation is sometimes enhanced by the combination of auditory and tactile illusions, such as withRealPen.[8]
A stylus is also an instrument used to scribe a recording into smoked foil or glass. In various scientific instruments this method may be employed instead of a pen for recording as it has the advantage of being able to operate over a wide temperature range, does not clog or dry prematurely, and has nearly negligible friction in comparison to other methods. These characteristics were useful in certain types of earlyseismographs and in recordingbarographs that were once used to verifysailplane records. The styluses used inscanning tunneling microscopes have only a singleatom at the tip; these are effectively the sharpest styluses possible.
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