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| Sturmgeschütz III | |
|---|---|
_b.jpg) Sturmgeschütz III Ausführung G (Late) with "Saukopf" (boar's head) mantlet | |
| Type | Assault gun |
| Place of origin | Nazi Germany |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1940–1945 (German service) 1949–1973 (Syrian service) |
| Used by | SeeOperators |
| Wars | World War II War over Water Six-Day War Yom Kippur War |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Alkett |
| Manufacturer | Alkett,MIAG |
| Unit cost | 82,500 ℛ︁ℳ︁ |
| No. built | |
| Specifications (StuG III Ausf. G, 1942) | |
| Mass | 23.9 tonnes (52,690 lbs) |
| Length | 6.85 m (22 ft 6 in) |
| Width | 2.95 m (9 ft 8 in) |
| Height | 2.16 m (7 ft 1 in) |
| Crew | 4 (driver, commander, gunner, loader) |
| Armour | 16–80 mm (.62–3.15 in) |
Main armament |
|
Secondary armament | |
| Engine | Maybach HL120 TRMV-12gasoline engine 300 PS (296 hp, 220 kW) |
| Power/weight | 12 PS (9.2 kW) / tonne |
| Transmission | six-speed transmission[3] |
| Suspension | torsion bar |
| Fuel capacity | 300–320 L (66–70 imp gal; 79–85 US gal) |
Operational range | Road: 155 km (96 mi) Cross-country: 75 km (47 mi) (.9 mpg‑US (1.1 mpg‑imp; 260 L/100 km) at 22 mph (35 km/h), 71 US gal (59 imp gal; 270 L) fuel)[3] |
| Maximum speed | 40 km/h (25 mph) |
TheSturmgeschütz III (StuG III) was anassault gun produced byNazi Germany duringWorld War II. It was the most-produced Germanfully trackedarmoured fighting vehicle,[4] and second-most produced German armored combat vehicle of any type after theSd.Kfz. 251half-track. It was built on a slightly modifiedPanzer III chassis, replacing the turret withan armored, fixed superstructure mounting a more powerful gun. Initially intended as a mobile assault gun for direct-fire support for infantry, the StuG III was continually modified, and much like the laterJagdpanzer vehicles, was employed as atank destroyer.[4]
TheSturmgeschütz originated from German experiences inWorld War I, when it was discovered that, during the offensives on theWestern Front, the infantry lacked the means to engage fortifications effectively.
The artillery of the time was heavy and not mobile enough to keep up with the advancinginfantry to destroy bunkers, pillboxes, and other minor fortifications with direct fire. Although the problem was well known in the German army, it was GeneralErich von Manstein who is considered the father of theSturmartillerie (assault artillery). The initial proposal was from von Manstein and submitted to GeneralLudwig Beck in 1935, suggesting thatSturmartillerie units should be used in a direct-fire support role for infantry divisions instead of fully mechanizedPanzer units.
On 15 June 1936,Daimler-Benz AG received an order to develop an armoured infantry support vehicle capable of mounting a 7.5 cm (2.95 in) calibre artillery piece. The gun mount's fixed, fully integratedcasemate superstructure allowed a limited traverse of 20° and provided overhead protection for the crew.[5] The height of the vehicle was not to exceed that of the average soldier.
Daimler-Benz AG used the chassis and running gear of its recent Panzer III medium tank as the basis for the new vehicle. Prototype manufacture was passed over toAlkett, who produced five prototypes in 1937 on a Panzer III Ausf. B chassis. These prototypes had amild steel superstructure and aKrupp short-barrelled7.5 cm StuK 37 L/24 gun. Production vehicles with this gun were known asGepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette für Sturmgeschütz 7.5 cm Kanone Ausführung A bis D (Sd.Kfz.142).
While the StuG was considered to be self-propelled artillery, it was not clear which land combat arm of theGerman Army would employ it. ThePanzerwaffe (armoured corps), the natural user of tracked fighting vehicles, had no resources to spare for the formation of StuG units, nor did the infantry. It was agreed that it would best be employed as part of the artillery arm. The StuGs were organized into battalions (later renamed "brigades" for disinformation purposes) and followed their own doctrine. Infantry support using direct fire was its intended role. Later, there was also a strong emphasis on its use as an anti-tank gun.
As the StuG was designed to fill an infantry close support combat role, early models were fitted with ahowitzer-pattern, low-velocity7.5 cm StuK 37 L/24 gun, similar to those used bythe earliest versions of the fully turretedPanzer IV. Low-velocity shells are lightly built of thin steel and carry a large charge of explosive, to destroy soft-skin targets and blast fortifications, and do not penetrate armour well. After the Germans encountered theSovietKV-1 andT-34 tanks, the StuG was equipped with a high-velocity7.5 cm StuK 40 L/43 main gun in spring 1942 and, in the autumn of that year, with the slightly longer7.5 cm StuK 40 L/48.[4] These high-velocity guns were the same as those mounted on thePanzer IV for anti-tank use but the heavy steel wall high-velocity shells contained much less explosive and had a lower blast effect for use against infantry or field fortifications. These versions were known as the7.5 cm Sturmgeschütz 40 Ausf.F,Ausf. F/8 andAusf. G (Sd.Kfz.142/1).
Beginning with the StuG III Ausf. G from December 1942, a7.92 mmMG34 machine gun could be mounted on a shield on top of the superstructure for added anti-infantry protection. Some of the F/8 models were retrofitted with a shield. An additional coaxial 7.92 mm MG34 started to appear in 1944 and became standard on all production during the same year.
The vehicles of theSturmgeschütz series were cheaper and faster to build than contemporary Germantanks; at 82,500RM, a StuG III Ausf G was cheaper than aPanzer III Ausf. M, which cost 103,163 RM. This was due to the omission of the turret, which greatly simplified manufacture.
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TheSturmgeschütz III-series of vehicles proved very successful and served on all fronts, from Russia to North Africa and Western Europe to Italy, as assault guns and tank destroyers. Because of their low silhouette, StuG IIIs were easy to camouflage and hide, and were difficult targets to destroy. By the end of the war 11,300 StuG IIIs and StuH 42s had been built.,[6] but due to heavy losses, there were only 1,053 StuG IIIs and 277 StuH 42s remaining in German service by 10 April 1945. The StuG assault guns were cost-effective compared with the heavier German tanks such as theTiger I and thePanther, although as anti-tank guns they were best used defensively as the lack of a traversable turret and their generally thin armour was a severe disadvantage in the attack role. As the situation for the German military deteriorated further later in the war, more StuGs were built than tanks, particularly due to ease of production.
In Italy, the Sturmgeschütz was highly valued by crews fighting Allied armour, but was dogged by mechanical unreliability; particularly the delicate final drive units. The small box on the track cover, which was normally fixed on the engine deck, contained the track tools.[7]
In 1943 and 1944, theFinnish Army received 59 StuG III Ausf. Gs from Germany and used them against the Soviet Union. Thirty of the vehicles were received in 1943 and a further twenty-nine in 1944. The first batch from 1943 destroyed at least eighty-seven enemy tanks for a loss of only eight StuGs (some of which were destroyed by their crews to prevent enemy capture).[8] The later batch from 1944 saw no real action. After the war, the StuGs were the main combat vehicles of the Finnish Army up until the early 1960s when they were phased out. These StuGs gained the nickname "Sturmi" in the Finnish military, which can be found in some plastic scale-model kits.
One hundred StuG III Ausf. Gs were delivered toRomania in the autumn of 1943. They were officially known as TAs (or TAs T3 to avoid confusion with TAs T4 (Jagdpanzer IVs)) in their army's inventory. By February 1945, 13 were still in use with the 2nd Armoured Regiment. None of this initial batch survived the war.[9] Thirty-one TAs were on the Romanian military's inventory in November 1947. Most of them were probably StuG III Ausf. Gs and a small number of Panzer IV/70 (V) (same as TAs T4). These TAs were supplied by the Red Army or were damaged units repaired by the Romanian Army.[10] All German equipment was removed from service in 1950 and finally scrapped four years later due to the army's decision to use only Soviet armour.
StuG IIIs were also exported to other nations friendly to Germany, including Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, and Spain. Hungary fielded its StuG IIIs against Soviet forces as they invaded their country in end-1944 up until early 1945. Bulgaria also received several StuGs from Germany but almost none saw service against the Soviets, the country having ended the alliance with Germany by switching sides to the Allies before the Soviets invaded. Post-World War II, these were used for a short time before being turned into fixed gun emplacements on the Krali Marko Line on the border with neighbouring Turkey. StuG IIIs were also given to the pro-German CroatianUstaše Militia, most of which were captured in Yugoslavia byTito'sYugoslav partisans during and after the war, as did German-operated vehicles. These were used by theYugoslav People's Army until the 1950s when they were replaced by more modern combat vehicles. Spain received a small number (around 10) of StuG IIIs from Germany during World War II, later sold to Syria between 1950 and 1960. Italy received 12 StuG III Ausf.Gs previously owned by local German units in 1943. They were donated, along with 12 Panzer III Ausf.Ns, 12 Panzer IV Ausf.Gs and 248.8 cm Flak 37 complete with half-track tractors, to theArmored Division "M", an intended elite unit composed byBlackshirts. With the fall of the Fascist regime and theItalian Armistice all equipment given to them was recovered by the Germans and used against the Allies.[11]
After World War II, abandoned German StuG IIIs remained in many European nations Germany had occupied during the war years, such as Czechoslovakia, France, Norway and Yugoslavia. TheSoviet Union also captured hundreds of StuGs, most ending up being donated toSyria. An Italian 12.7 mmBreda-SAFAT machine gun taken from SyrianFiat G.55 was mounted on the commander cupola with retrofitted anti-aircraft mount.[12] Syria continued to use StuG IIIs along with other war surplus armoured fighting vehicles received from the USSR or Czechoslovakia (varying from long-barrelled Panzer IVs (late models) andT-34-85s) during the 1950s and up until theWar over Water against Israel in the mid-1960s. By the time of theSix-Day War in 1967, many of them had been either destroyed, stripped for spare parts, scrapped or emplaced on theGolan Heights as pillboxes. Some remained in service up to theYom Kippur War in 1973.[12] None remain in service today. A few Syrian StuG IIIs ended up in Israeli hands and became war memorials or were simply left rusting away on former battlefields.
Production numbers were:[1]
A rotating cupola with periscopes was added for the Ausf G.'s commander. However, from September 1943, the lack of ball bearings (resulting fromUSAAF bombing of Schweinfurt) forced cupolas to be welded on. Ball bearings were once again installed from August 1944. Shot deflectors for the cupolas were first installed from October 1943 from one factory, to be installed on all StuGs from February 1944. Some vehicles without shot deflectors carried several track pieces wired around the cupola for added protection.
From December 1942, a square machine gun shield for the loader was installed, allowing an MG34 to be factory installed on a StuG for the first time. When stowed this shield folded back, partially overlapping the front half of the loader's hatch cover. A curved protrusion welded to the backside of the shield pushed the shield forward as the front half of the loader's hatch cover was opened and guided the hatch cover to naturally engage a latch point on the shield thus, supporting the shield in its deployed position without exposing the loader to hostile forward fire. F/8 models had machine gun shields retro-fitted from early 1943. The loader's machine gun shield was later replaced by rotating machine gun mount that could be operated by the loader inside the vehicle sighting through a periscope. In April 1944, 27 of them were being field tested on the Eastern front. Favourable reports led to installation of these "remote" machine gun mounts from the summer of 1944.
From October 1943, G versions were fitted with theTopfblende pot mantlet (often calledSaukopf "Pig's head") gun mantlet without a coaxial mount. This cast mantlet, which had a sloped and rounded shape, was more effective at deflecting shots than the original boxyKastenblende mantlet that had armour varying in thickness from 45 mm to 50 mm. The lack of large castings meant that the trapezoid-shape boxy mantlet was also produced until the very end. Topfblende were fitted almost exclusively to Alkett-produced vehicles.
A coaxial machine gun was first added to boxy mantlets, from June 1944, and then to cast Topfblende, from October 1944, in the middle of "Topfblende" mantlet production. With the addition of this coaxial machine gun, all StuGs carried two MG 34 machine guns from autumn of 1944. Some previously completed StuGs with a boxy mantlet had a coaxialmachine gun hole drilled to retrofit a coaxial machine gun; however, Topfblende produced from November 1943 to October 1944 without a machine gun opening could not be tampered with.
Also from November 1943 onwards, all-metal return rollers of a few different types were used due to lack of rubber supply.Zimmerit anti-magnetic coating to protect vehicles from magnetic mines was applied starting in September (MIAG facility) or November (Alkett facility) 1943 and ending in September 1944.
In 1942, a variant of the StuG Ausf. F was designed with a 10.5 cm (4.1 in) truehowitzer instead of the 7.5 cm StuK 40 L/43 cannon. These new vehicles, designatedStuH 42 (Sturmhaubitze 42, Sd.Kfz 142/2), were designed to provide infantry support with the increased number of StuG III Ausf. F/8s and Ausf. Gs being used in the anti-tank role. The StuH 42 mounted a variant of the10.5 cm leFH 18 howitzer, modified to be electrically fired and fitted with amuzzle brake, called the 10.5 cm Sturmhaubitze 42 L/28 (10.5cm StuH 42 L/28). Production models were built on StuG III Ausf. G chassis. The muzzle brake was often omitted due to the scarcity of resources later in the war. Alkett produced 1,299 StuH 42s from March 1943 to 1945, the initial 12 vehicles were built on repaired StuG III Ausf. Fs and F/8s from the autumn of 1942 to January 1943.
In 1943, 10 StuG IIIs were converted to theStuG III (Flamm) configuration by replacing the main gun with a Schwadeflamethrower. These chassis were all refurbished at the depot level and were a variety of pre-Ausf. F models. There are no reports to indicate that any of these were used in combat and all were returned to Ausf. G standard at depot level by 1944.
In late 1941, the StuG chassis was selected to carry the15 cm sIG 33 heavy infantry gun. These vehicles were known asSturm-Infanteriegeschütz 33B. Twenty-four were rebuilt on older StuG III chassis, of which twelve vehicles saw combat in theBattle of Stalingrad, where they were destroyed or captured. The remaining 12 vehicles were assigned to the23rd Panzer Division.
Due to the dwindling supply of rubber, rubber-saving road wheels were tested during 8–14 November 1942, but did not go into production.
Bombing raids on the Alkett factory resulted in a significant drop in StuG III production in November 1943. To make up for this loss of production,Krupp displayed a substitution StuG on a Panzer IV chassis to Hitler on 16–17 December 1943. From January 1944 onwards, theStuG IV, based on thePanzer IV chassis and with a slightly modified StuG III superstructure, entered production.
Field modifications were made to increase the vehicle's survivability, resulting in diversity to already numerous variants; cement plastered on front superstructure, older Ausf.C/D retrofitted with a KwK 40 L/48 gun, Ausf.G mounting the Panzer IV cupola, a coaxial MG34 through a hole drilled on a boxy mantlet, etc.
The SovietSU-76i self-propelled gun was based on captured StuG IIIs andPanzer IIIs.[8] In total, Factory #37 inSverdlovsk manufactured 181 SU-76i, plus 20 commander SU-76is forRed Army service by adding an enclosed superstructure and the 76.2 mm S-1 tank gun.
Approximately 10,000 StuG IIIs of various types were produced from 1940 to 1945 by Alkett (~7,500) and from 1943 to 1945 by MIAG (2,586). From April to July 1944, some 173 Panzer IIIs were converted into StuG III Ausf. Gs. The 1,299 StuH 42z and the 12 conversions from the StuG III were solely built by Alkett.[1]
Nazi Germany - Main operator
Kingdom of Romania - Several hundred supplied by Germany and (postwar) the USSR, referred to asTAs orTAs T-3. All scrapped by 1954.
Kingdom of Bulgaria - Several supplied by Germany and (postwar) the USSR and all either scrapped or turned into gun emplacements bordering Turkey
Finland - 30 StuGs, nicknamed "Sturmi", were bought in 1943 and another 29 bought in 1944, all directly from Germany. They were used during the Continuation War against the Soviet Union in 1944.[13]
Czechoslovakia - Several captured after the war and either scrapped or sold to Syria. One vehicle is on display inBanská Bystrica,Slovakia.
France - Several captured after the war and briefly operated before being scrapped or sold to Syria
Kingdom of Hungary - 50 given by Germany in 1944
Kingdom of Italy - 12 received from Germany in 1943 and assigned to 1st Blackshirt Armoured Division "M"
Norway - Surrendered German military equipment was used from 1947 to 1951[14]
Spain - In 1943, Franco's Spain received 10 units and used them until 1954. One Ausf. G remains in drivable condition in the Museo Histórico Militar deCartagena, Spain
Sweden - one Ausf. D variant received from Denmark in late 1945 and used for trials and testing of anti-tank mines, and one Ausf. G used for spare parts
Syria - At least 30 obtained from various states including the Soviet Union, France, Spain and Czechoslovakia during the 1950s
Soviet Union - Several hundred captured vehicles used for testing and modifications, including the SU-76i assault gun and SG-122 self-propelled howitzer, with some others (very few) fielded for frontline use
SFR Yugoslavia - Many captured from Germany and its local allies in the Balkans and used up until the 1950s
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| Tanks |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Self-propelled artillery | ||
| Assault guns | ||
| Tank destroyers (Panzerjäger, Jagdpanzer) | ||
| Half-tracks | ||
| Armored cars | ||
| Self-propelled anti-aircraft guns | ||
| Demolition vehicles | ||
| Experimental/prototype vehicles | ||
| Proposed designs | ||
| Designations | ||
| Tanks | |
|---|---|
| Tank destroyers | |
| Assault guns | |
| Half-tracks | |
| Armored cars | |
| Armored carriers | |
| Prototypes | |
| Proposed designs | |
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
