.jpg) Street art byC215 on a postbox in the5th arrondissement of Paris honoringFrench Resistance heroPierre Brossolette in a partnership with theCentre des monuments nationaux around thePanthéon[1] | |
| Years active | 1980s–present |
|---|---|
| Major figures | |
| Influences | Graffiti |
Street art isvisual art created inpublic locations for public visibility. It has been associated with the terms "independent art", "post-graffiti", "neo-graffiti" andguerrilla art.[2]
Street art has evolved from the early forms of defiantgraffiti into a more commercial form of art, as one of the main differences now lies with the messaging. Street art is often meant to provoke thought rather than rejection among the general audience through making its purpose more evident than that of graffiti. The issue of permission has also come at the heart of street art, as graffiti is usually done illegally, whereas street art can nowadays be the product of an agreement or even sometimes a commission. However, it remains different from traditional art exposed in public spaces by its explicit use of said space in the conception phase.
Street art is a form of artwork that is displayed in public on surrounding buildings, on streets, trains and other publicly viewed surfaces. Many instances come in the form of guerrilla art, which is intended to make a personal statement about the society that the artist lives within. The work has moved from the beginnings of graffiti and vandalism to new modes where artists work to bring messages, or just beauty, to an audience.[3]
Some artists may use "smart vandalism" as a way to raise awareness of social and political issues,[4] whereas other artists use urban space as an opportunity to display personal artwork. Artists may also appreciate the challenges and risks that are associated withinstalling illicit artwork in public places. A common motive is that creating art in a format that utilizes public space allows artists who may otherwise feel disenfranchised to reach a much broader audience than other styles or galleries would allow.
Whereas traditionalgraffiti artists have primarily usedspray paint to produce their work, "street art" can encompass other media, such asLED art,mosaic tiling,stencil graffiti,sticker art,reverse graffiti,"Lock On" sculptures,wheatpasting,woodblocking,yarn bombing androck balancing.[5]
New media forms such as video projections onto large city buildings are an increasingly popular tool for street artists—and the availability of cheap hardware and software allows such artwork to become competitive with corporate advertisements. Artists are thus able to create art from their personal computers for free, which competes with companies' profits.[6]
Slogans of protest and political or social commentary graffiti on walls are the precursor to modern graffiti and street art, and continue as one aspect of the genre. Street art in the form of text or simple iconic graphics of corporate icons can become well-known yet enigmatic symbols of an area or an era.[7] Some credit theKilroy Was Here graffiti of the World War II era as one such early example; a simple line-drawing of a long-nosed man peering from behind a ledge. AuthorCharles Panati indirectly touched upon the general appeal of street art in his description of the "Kilroy" graffiti as "outrageous not for what it said, but where it turned up".[8] Much of what can now be defined as modern street art has well-documented origins dating fromNew York City'sgraffiti boom, with its infancy in the 1960s, maturation in the 1970s, and peaking with thespray-painted full-car subway train murals of the 1980s centered inthe Bronx.
As the 1980s progressed, a shift occurred from text-based works of early in the decade to visually conceptual street art such asHambleton's shadow figures.[9] This period coincides withKeith Haring's subway advertisement subversions andJean-Michel Basquiat'sSAMO tags. What is now recognized as "street art" had yet to become a realistic career consideration, and offshoots such asstencil graffiti were in their infancy.Wheatpastedstreet poster art used to promote bands and the clubs where they performed evolved into actual artwork or copy-art and became a common sight during the 1980s in cities worldwide.[citation needed] The group working collectively asAVANT was also active in New York during this period.[10] Punk rock music's subversive ideologies were also instrumental to street art's evolution as an art form during the 1980s. Some of the anti-museum mentality can be attributed to the ideology ofMarinetti who in 1909 wrote the "Manifesto of Futurism" with a quote that reads, "we will destroy all the museums."[11] Many street artists claim we do not live in a museum so art should be in public with no tickets.[11]
The northwest wall of the intersection atHouston Street and theBowery in New York City has been a target of artists since the 1970s. The site, now sometimes referred to as theBowery Mural, originated as a derelict wall that graffiti artists used freely.Keith Haring once commandeered the wall for his use in 1982. After Haring, a stream of well-known street artists followed, until the wall had gradually taken on prestigious status. By 2008, the wall became privately managed and made available to artists by commission or invitation only.[citation needed]
A series of murals byRené Moncada began appearing on the streets ofSoHo in the late 1970s emblazoned with the wordsI AM THE BEST ARTIST. René has described the murals as a thumb in the nose to the art community he felt he had helped pioneer but by which he later felt ignored by.[7][12] Recognized as an early act of "art provocation",[13] they were a topic of conversation and debate at the time; related legal conflicts raised discussion about intellectual property, artist's rights and theFirst Amendment.[14][15][16][17] The ubiquitous murals also became a popular backdrop to photographs taken by tourists and art students, as well as for advertising layouts and Hollywood films.[18][19][20]IATBA murals were often defaced, only to be repainted by René.[13][21]
Franco the Great, also known as the "Picasso of Harlem" is another world famous street artist internationally known also for his New Art form. There were riots in the streets whenMartin Luther King Jr.was assassinated in 1968.Harlem business owners retaliated by installing drab-looking metal gates on their store fronts. Franco decided to turn a negative into a positive by developing a new art form on the steel gates in 1978. He has painted over 200 gates from the west to the east side of 125th street on Sundays since then, when stores are closed.125th Street in Harlem is unofficially known as "Franco's Blvd" because of his magnificent paintings on the metal business gates.[22]
Some street artists have earned international attention for their work and have made a full transition from street art into the mainstream art world—some while continuing to produce art on the streets.Keith Haring was among the earliest wave of street artists in the 1980s to do so. Traditional graffiti and street art motifs have also increasingly been incorporated into mainstream advertising, with many instances of artists contracted to work as graphic designers for corporations. Graffiti artistHaze has provided font and graphic designs for music acts such as theBeastie Boys andPublic Enemy.Shepard Fairey's street posters of then-presidential candidateBarack Obama were reworked by a special commission for use in the presidential campaign. A version of the artwork also appeared on the cover ofTime magazine. It is also not uncommon for street artists to start their own merchandising lines.[citation needed]
Street art has received artistic recognition with the high-profile status ofBanksy and other artists. This has led street art to become one of the 'sights to see' in many European cities. Some artists now provide tours of local street art and can share their knowledge, explaining the ideas behind many works, the reasons for tagging, and the messages portrayed in a lot of graffiti work.Berlin, London, Paris, Hamburg and other cities all have popular street art tours running all year round. In London alone there are supposedly ten different graffiti tours available for tourists.[23] Many of these organizations, such as Alternative London,[24] ParisStreetArt,[25] AlternativeBerlin,[26] pride themselves on working with local artists, so visitors can get an authentic experience and not just a rehearsed script.
Many of these guides are painters, fine-art graduates and other creative professionals that have found the medium of street art as a way to exhibit their work. With this commercial angle, they can let people into the world of street art and give them more of an understanding of where it comes from. It has been argued that this growing popularity of street art has made it a factor ingentrification.[27]
Street art can have legal problems. The parties involved can include the artist, the city or municipal government, the intended recipient and the owner of the structure or the medium where the work was displayed. One example is a case in 2014 in Bristol, England, which illustrates the legal, moral and ethical questions that can occur. TheMobile Lovers byBanksy was painted on plywood on a public doorway, then cut out by a citizen who in turn was going to sell the piece to garner funds for a boys' club. The city government in turn confiscated the artwork and placed it in a museum. Banksy, hearing of the conundrum, then bequeathed it to the original citizen, thinking his intentions were genuine. In this case, as in others, the controversy of ownership and public property, as well as the issues of trespassing and vandalism, are issues to be resolved legally.[28]
In 2005,Banksy stated that "Copyright is for losers ©™".[29]
Under United States law, works of street art should be able to find copyright protection as long as they are legally installed and can fulfil two additional conditions; originality in the work, and that it is fixed in a tangible medium.[30] This copyright would then survive for the lifespan of the artist plus 70 years.[31] In case there is a collaboration between two artists, both would hold joint ownership in the copyright.[32] Street artists also holdmoral rights in their work, independent of economic rights arising from copyright. These include the right to integrity and the right to attribution.[33] Recently, street art has started to gain recognition among art critics, and some major companies have found themselves in trouble for using this art without permission for advertising. In such a case,H&M, afast fashion retailer used street art by Jason "Revok" Williams in an advertisement series.[34] In response to Williams' 'Cease and Desist' notice, however, H&M filed a lawsuit, alleging that since the work is a "product of criminal conduct", it cannot be protected by copyright. This view has been taken earlier too, in the cases ofVilla v. Pearson Education[35] andMoschino and Jeremy Tierney.[36] In all three cases, before the judge could make a ruling on the issue of the illegality of the art, settlements were reached.[37] These companies typically settle out of court to avoid costly, time-consuming litigation.
When it comes to the question of the destruction of street art, the United States has applied theVisual Artists Right Act (VARA)[38] to introduce moral rights into copyright law. InEnglish v. BFC & R East 11th Street LLC andPollara v. Seymour, it was held that this Act was inapplicable to works of art placed illicitly. A distinction was also made between the removable and non-removable works, indicating that if a work can be removed trivially, it cannot be destroyed, irrespective of its legal status.[37] Another important factor considered by the court in the latter case was whether the artwork was "of a recognized stature".[37]
In a case where a group of artists was awarded $6.7 million, the judge held that the art was not made without permission of the owner of the building, and that an important factor was that the demolition was done ahead of the intended date, indicating willful thought.[39]
Graffiti is characteristically made up of written words that are meant to represent a group or community in a covert way and in plain sight. The telltale sign of street art is that it usually includes images, illustrations, or symbols that are meant to convey a message.[40] While both works are meant to represent or tell a message to viewers, one difference between the two comes in the specific viewers that it is meant for. One trait of street art that has helped to bring it to positive light in the public eye is that the messages shown are usually made to be understandable to all.[40]
While both of these types of art have many differences, there are more similarities than their origins. Both graffiti and street art are works of art that are created with the same intent. Most artists, whether they are working anonymously, creating an intentionally incomprehensible message, or fighting for some greater cause are working with the same ambitions for popularity, recognition and the public display or outpouring of their personal thoughts, feelings and passions.[40]
The term street art is described in many different ways, one of which is the term "guerrilla art". Both terms describe these public works that are placed with meaning and intent. They can be done anonymously for works that are created to confront taboo issues that will result in a backlash, or under the name of a well-known artist. With any terminology, these works of art are created as a primary way to express the artist's thoughts on many topics and issues.[41]
As with graffiti, an initial trait or feature of street art is that it is often created on or in a public area without or against the permission of the owner.[42] A main distinction between the two comes in the second trait of street art or guerrilla art, where it is made to represent and display a purposefully uncompliant act that is meant to challenge its surrounding environment.[42] This challenge can be granular, focusing on issues within the community or broadly sweeping, addressing global issues on a public stage.
This is how the term "guerrilla art" was associated with this type of work and behavior. The word ties back to guerrilla warfare in history where attacks are made wildly, without control and with no rules of engagement. This type of warfare was dramatically different from the previously formal and traditional fighting that went on in wars normally. When used in the context of street art, the term guerilla art is meant to give a nod to the artist's uncontrolled, unexpected and often unnamed attack on societal structure or norms.[43]
Some have asked if it is sufficient to place art in the street to make street art; Nicholas Riggle looks more critically at the border between graffiti and street art and states that "an artwork is street art if—and only if—its material use of the street is internal to its meaning".[44] The street is not a blank canvas for the street artist. It has a character, a use, a history, a texture, a shape. Street art, as well as broader urban art, transforms the street or opens the dialogue. Justin Armstrong states graffiti is identified as an aesthetic occupation of spaces, whereas urban street art repurposes them.[45]
Guerilla sculpture is the placement of sculptures in street settings without official approval; it developed from street art in England in the late 20th century.[43] In addition to the nontraditional setting of the works of art involved, there are also many different techniques used in the creation of this artwork. The artists tend to work illegally and in secrecy to create and place these works in the dark of night, cloaked in mystery regarding their origins and creators. The sculptures are used to express the artist's views and to reach an audience that would not otherwise be reached through more traditional methods of displaying one's work to the public. In performing these acts of artistic expression, they are not working to gain acceptance or love of the people that they reach, but at times may even anger those who view their work.[43]
An example is the overnight appearance of an unsanctioned sculpture ofEdward Snowden onto a column inFort Greene Park in New York City.[43] In other cases, the sculptures integrate two-dimensional backdrops with a three-dimensional component, such as one by Banksy titledSpy Booth (2014). The backdrop was painted on a wall in Cheltenham, England and featuredCold-War spy characters adorned in trench coats and fedoras, with spy accoutrements, microphones and reel-to-reel tape decks. These characters appeared to betapping into a broken telephone booth.[43]
On 15 July 2020, a month after the statue ofEdward Colston was pulled down duringBlack Lives Matter protests inBristol, artistMarc Quinn used the empty plinth to display his sculptureA Surge of Power (Jen Reid). The life-sized piece, created from black resin and steel,[46] was inspired by a picture of protester Jen Reid, raising her fist during the Bristol protest that subsequently went viral and caught the attention of Quinn. The statue was removed by Bristol City Council on 16 July 2020.[47]
A deviation from the unsanctioned street sculpture is "institutionalized guerilla sculpture", which is sanctioned by civic authorities and can be commercialized. One such artist from the Netherlands isFlorentijn Hofman, who in 2007 createdRubber Duck, a colossal rendition of the childhood tub-toy.
In Latin America, especially Mexico, the termantimonumento has developed as the equivalent to political guerilla sculpture, or simply, an illegal installation of a politically themed sculpture. They are used to denounce the inaction of the state and reclaim public space.[48] Normally anantimonumento is installed during a demonstration[48] and, asMárcio Seligmann-Silva writes, "corresponds to a desire to actively recall the (painful) past."[49] Some of the issues commemorated are disappearances, massacres, migration, and the killing of women.[50]They are used to denounce the inaction of the state and reclaim public space.
Although street art may be ubiquitous around the world, the popularity of its artistic expression is relatively recent. Street art has undergone a major transformation in public opinion to become socially accepted and respected in some public places.[42] Even with this degree of acceptance, defacing private or public property with any and all message, whether it is considered art or not, is still widely illegal.[42]
In the beginning, graffiti was the only form of street art that there was and it was widely considered to be a delinquent act of territorial marking and crude messaging. Initially, there were very clear divisions between the work of a street artist and the act of tagging a public or private property, but in recent years where the artists are treading the line between the two, this line has become increasingly blurred.[42] Those who truly appreciate the work of famed street artists or street works of art are in acceptance of the fact that this art would not be the same without the medium being the street. The works are subject to whatever change or destruction may come because since they are created on public or private surfaces which are neither owned by the artist or permitted to be worked on by the property owners. This acceptance of the potential impermanence of the works of art and the public placement of the uncondoned works are what contribute to the meaning of the piece and therefore, what helps the growth of street art popularity.[42] In the 21st century, a number of American cities began installing poetry intosidewalk cement, sometimes holding public contests to choose new poems.[51][52][53]
Perhaps contrary to earlier anti-museum and ticket sale sentiments of some street artists; a dedicated exhibition to Street Art under the title 'Urban' opened inPeterborough Museum, United Kingdom, on the 11th December 2021. With tickets for the preview evening selling at £5 GDP and subsequent entry being charged at £8 per person. The exhibition has been promoted as being of 'major national [UK] importance' and celebrating artists such as Banksy,Damien Hirst,My Dog Sighs, the Connor Brothers, Pure Evil andBlek le Rat.[54] While street art and sculpture has been on display atBristol Museum since aBanksy 'takeover' in 2009.[55]
Given the various benefits and sometimes high return on investment[56] street art provides businesses, schools, neighborhoods and cities with a movement as a tool to create safer, brighter, more colorful and inspiring communities, a trend which has recently been more widely recognized. Organizations likeBeautify Earth have pioneered cities to leverage these benefits to create widespread beauty where it would be otherwise empty or dilapidated public wall space.[57]
AThe Washington Post article written by Sydney Page has stated that according to a safety study produced by Bloomberg Philanthropies in partnership with the consulting firm Sam Schwartzentitled "Asphalt Art Safety Study", crosswalks painted with murals have been found to significantly reduce the frequency of accidents occurring at such sites.[58]
InMontreal, with over 80 murals and counting since the foundation ofMURAL Festival in 2013, the annual street art festival contributed to creatingLe Plateau-Mont-Royal as an epicenter for urban arts.Villeray,Downtown MontrealLe Sud-Ouest,Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, and multiple art districts also continue to broaden the street art circuit within the Island of Montreal.[citation needed] The Under Pressure annual graffiti festival, the largest of its kind in North America, celebrated its 25th anniversary in 2021.[59]
Toronto has a significantgraffiti scene.[60]
Calgary, while historically having a smaller graffiti street art scene, recently started the Beltline Urban Mural Project (BUMP) with artists from all over the world creating large murals in the city center.[61]
New York City attracts artists from around the world.[62] InManhattan, "post-graffiti" street art grew in the 1980s from the then largely vacant neighborhoods ofSoHo theLower East Side and parts ofEast Village. TheChelsea art district became another locale, with area galleries also hosting formal exhibitions of street artist's work. InBrooklyn, theWilliamsburg andDumbo neighborhoods—especially near the waterfront—are recognized street art sites.[63] New York City's unofficial mural district is inBushwick, Brooklyn, with curatorial gatekeeping by a non-profit organization called TheBushwick Collective.
Chicago has many forms of street art emerging but some of the most popular artists that can be seen everywhere in Chicago is Sentrock, Jc Rivera (The Bear Champ), and Hebru Brantley.
Programs in thePennsylvania cities ofPhiladelphia andPittsburgh provide funding to agencies who employ street artists to decorate city walls. TheMural Arts Program established in 1984 has helped Philadelphia earn praise as the "City of Murals".The project was initiated to encourage graffiti artists toward a more constructive use of their talents. Murals backed byThe Sprout Fund in Pittsburgh were named the "Best Public Art" by thePittsburgh City Paper in 2006.[64][65]
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Street art in Atlanta centers on theOld Fourth Ward andReynoldstown neighborhoods, theKrog Street Tunnel, and along the 22-mileBeltLine railway corridor which circles the inner city. Atlanta established a Graffiti Task Force in 2011. Although the city selected a number of murals that would not be targeted by the task force, the selection process overlooked street art of the popular Krug Street Tunnel site. Art created in conjunction with theLiving Walls street art conference, which Atlanta hosts annually, was spared. Some actions were taken by the unit, including arrests of artists deemed vandals, caused community opposition; some considered the city's efforts as "misdirected" or "futile".[66][67] After being sued by a group of artists in 2017 the city of Atlanta agreed not to enforce an ordinance requiring artists to obtain city approval for murals on private property.[68] Images and locations of over 200 works of Atlanta street art can be found on the Atlanta Street Art Map.[69]
Sarasota, Florida, hosts an annual street art event, theSarasota Chalk Festival, founded in 2007. An independent offshoot known asGoing Vertical sponsors works by street artists, but some have been removed as controversial.[70][71]
Los Angeles'sArts District is known for its high concentration street murals.[72] The neighborhood ofHollywood and streets such asSunset Boulevard,La Brea,Beverly Boulevard,La Cienega, andMelrose Avenue are among other key locations.[73]LAB ART Los Angeles, opened in 2011, devotes its 6,500 square feet of gallery space to street art. Artwork by locals such asAlec Monopoly,Annie Preece,Smear andMorley are among the collection.
San Francisco'sMission District, center of theMission School movement, has densely packed street art along Mission Street, and along bothClarion andBalmy Alleys.[74] Streets ofHayes Valley,SoMa,Bayview-Hunters Point and theTenderloin have also become known for street art.[75]
San Diego's East Village, Little Italy, North Park, and South Park neighborhoods contain street artwork ofVHILS,Shepard Fairey, Tavar Zawacki a.k.a.ABOVE,Space Invader,Os Gêmeos, among others. Murals by various Mexican artists can be seen atChicano Park in theBarrio Logan neighborhood.Chicano Park, which was a part of people’s land takeover in 1970, celebrated its 52nd anniversary in 2022. The more than 80 murals depict many aspects of Latino culture fromlowrider culture toAztec warriors.[76] The intent for the art provided people enough positive evidence to respect it and leave it be. These spaces were then seen as a place of activism and pride, rather than vandalism. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, Ground Floor Murals has created works that recognize the multicultural communities of San Diego, including Mexican singerVicente Fernández,[77] players from theSan Diego Padres, and important local community members.[78] Their first mural was of Padres’ legend,Tony Gwynn inCity Heights.[79]
Richmond, Virginia has over 100 murals created by artists, many of whom are alumni ofVirginia Commonwealth University's School of the Arts or current students there. Some of the murals are privately commissioned by individuals and businesses, some are created by solo street artists, and some are collaborative group fund-raising projects.[80]
Denver street artists have been busy brightening (and enlightening) the urban landscape for decades by making canvases of the city's alleyways, building exteriors, warehouses, garage doors and storefronts.[81] The city of Denver has a whole area called the River North Art District (RiNo) that is dedicated to the work of local creative artists. Most artists in the RiNo district are commissioned by the local business owners who want to give their buildings colorful imagery.[citation needed]
The manifestations of street art in Mexico began in the late 80s in Mexico City, inside multifamily buildings in the north of the city and also in the subway. Since then, urban art and graffiti have formed an essential part of cultural identity in the different city halls of the metropolis.Currently, some different associations and groups are dedicated to the creation and search of spaces for urban art in Mexico City and throughout the country. Even several artists, both national and foreign or emerging and consolidated, have taken their art to the Latin American country.
There are also media, such as All City Canvas,[82] specialized in the dissemination of urban art in Mexico, Latin America and the rest of the world. In that way, it has been possible to create a universal language around this artistic manifestation. Even in 2012, All City Canvas was the first organization to create a street art festival in Mexico that sought to join international efforts and create urban art for a week in Mexico City. In recent years, they have produced several murals in collaboration with talented artists such asVhils, It's a Living and Bier in Brood,[83] as part of the All City Canvas Global Series[84] in some cities in Mexico and the United States. The objective of the initiative is to create an impact on society through a large-scale piece of art.
Buenos Aires has developed a reputation for its large scale murals and artworks in many subway stations and public spaces. The first graffiti artists started painting in the street in the Argentine capital in the mid-1990s after visiting other countries in Europe and South America. One of the first recognized street artists in Argentina is Alfredo Segatori, nicknamed 'Pelado', who began painting in 1994 and holds the record for the largest mural in Argentina[85] measuring more than 2000 square meters.
An abundance of buildings slated for demolition provides blank canvases to a multitude of artists, and the authorities cannot keep up with removing artists' output. "Population density" and "urban anxiety" are common motifs expressed by "Grafiteiros" in their street art andpichação, rune-like black graffiti, said to convey feelings of class conflict.
Influential Brazilian street artists include Claudio Ethos,Os Gêmeos, Vitche, Onesto, and Herbert Baglione.[86][87]
Bogotá has a lot of walls dedicated to street art and a powerful artistic movement. The tourist can appreciate several wall performances:Avenida El Dorado (TransMilenio),Avenida Suba and the historical neighborhoodLa Candelaria. Also, there is the Distrito graffiti (graffiti district), that is a dedicated place with gubernatorial curatory with more than 600 pieces of Colombian and international artists.[88]
Caracas at the beginning this art the works had a more cultural air, much of the first street arts in the country were related to politics. Messages of disagreement or support for the leaders of the moment predominated. Over the years, street art in Venezuela has evolved. The works with political accents continued to star in the streets of the country, but culture became part of the arena.
London became one of the most pro-graffiti cities in the world in the 2010s. Although officially condemned and heavily enforced, street art has a huge following and in many ways is embraced by the public, for example,Stik's stick figures.[90]Dulwich Outdoor Gallery, in collaboration withStreet Art London, is an outdoor "gallery" of street art inDulwich, southeast London, with works based on traditional paintings inDulwich Picture Gallery.[91]
Bristol has a prominent street art scene, due in part to the success ofBanksy,[92] with many large and colorful murals dominating areas of the city.
Ostend, Belgium, hosts an international street art festival. In 2018, US art magazine Juxtapoz described The Crystal Ship as "an art festival that is quickly becoming one of the major annual street art events in the world". Today, it is just that. Having seen the light of day in 2016, every year, The Crystal Ship paints the town of Ostend red (and blue, and green, and yellow, and quite possibly every other colour you can imagine) by inviting a host of acclaimed street artists to get inspired by its people, landscape, and heritage. Curator Bjorn Van Poucke is the driving force behind this street art walhalla, where the work of artists like Axel Void (USA), Paola Delfín (Mexico), Escif (ES), Miss Van (FR), Sebas Velasco (ES), Elian (AR) and Wasted Rita (PT) transform the city.
Paris has an active street art scene that is home to artists such asSpace Invader,Jef Aérosol,SP 38 andZevs. Some connect the origins of street art in France toLettrism of the 1940s andSituationist slogans painted on the walls of Paris starting in the late 1950s.Nouveau realists of the 1960s, includingJacques de la Villeglé,Yves Klein andArman interacted with public spaces but, likepop art, kept the traditional studio-gallery relationship. The 1962 street installationRideau de Fer (Iron Curtain) byChristo and Jeanne-Claude is cited as an early example of unsanctioned street art. In the 1970s, the site-specific work ofDaniel Buren appeared in the Paris subway.Blek le Rat and theFiguration Libre movement became active in the 1980s.[citation needed][93] The 13 arrondissement is actively promoting street art through the Street Art 13 project. That includes two remarkable frescos by D*Face from London: "Love will not tear us apart" and "Turncoat".[94] Between October 2014 and March 2015, Fondation EDF hostedJérôme Catz's exhibition "#STREET ART, L'INNOVATION AU CŒUR D'UN MOUVEMENT", which featured new technologies integrated with pieces by artists including Shepard Fairey, JR, Zevz, and Mark Jenkins. The exhibition became the second most-visited exhibit at EDF since it opened in 1990.[95] Street artistJohn Hamon's work primarily involves projecting or pasting a poster of his photograph above his name on buildings and monuments across the city.[96]
Street art on the Berlin Wall was continuous during the timeGermany was divided, but street art inBerlin continued to thrive even after reunification and is home to street artists such asThierry Noir Tavar Zawacki a.k.a.ABOVE andSP 38. Post-communism, cheap rents, and ramshackle buildings gave rise to street art in areas such asMitte,Prenzlauer Berg,Kreuzberg, andFriedrichshain.[citation needed] In 2016,StreetArtNews initiated an urban artwork in the name ofUrban Nation Berlin, in which several famous artists participated.[97]
The second largest city in Estonia,Tartu, has been called the Estonian street art capital.[98] WhileTallinn has been against graffiti, Tartu is known for the street art festival Stencibility and for being home to a wide range of works from various artists.[99]
The street art scene inGreece has been active since the late 1980s but gained momentum inAthens leading up to the country's 2011 financial crisis, with a number of artists raising voices of resistance, creating allegorical works and social commentary in the historic city center andExarhia district.The New York Times published a story about the crisis in relation to street art and art in general.[100] Street art byBleepsgr, whose work has been categorized as "artivism", can be found in neighborhoods such asPsiri.
In Spain,Madrid andBarcelona represent the most graffiti populated cities, whileValencia,Zaragoza andMálaga also have a street art scene.[citation needed]
Italy has been very active in street art since the end of the 1990s; some of the most famous street artists includeBLU,108, andSten Lex.[101]
Street art inAmsterdam has a long history. In the mid-1960s, the counterculture movement named theprovos already used the street as a canvas. MemberRobert Jasper Grootveld wrote things like "Klaas komt" (English: "Klaas is Coming!") throughout the whole city. At the end of the 1970s, young artists from thepunk culture wrote on the decayed city. Well-known artists from this 'No Future-generation' areDr. Rat and Hugo Kaagman, thestencil art pioneer who made his first stencil back in 1978.[102][103] Yaki Kornblit brought New York graffiti artists like Blade,Dondi,Futura 2000 andRammellzee to Amsterdam to exhibit in his gallery in the early 80s. This inspired the youth, from which a new generation style writers emerged that was later recorded in the documentaryKroonjuwelen (2006). Names as Delta, Shoe, Jaz, Cat22,High, Again and Rhyme left their mark on the city. In the early 1990s, Amsterdam became the epicenter of the graffiti movement, with a focus on its Metro system, bringing writers such as Mickey, Zedz and Yalt to the capital of the Netherlands.[104] Figurative street art became more and more common in the streets around the turn of the century. Morcky, Wayne Horse, The London Police enLaser 3.14 communicated through their work on the street.
The city ofBergen is looked upon as the street art capital ofNorway.[105] British street artist Banksy visited the city in 2000 and inspired many to take their art to the streets.[106]Dolk is among local street artists in Bergen.[107][108] His art can be seen around the city. Bergen's city council in 2009 chose to preserve one of Dolk's works with protective glass.[109]
In 2011, the city council launched a plan of action for street art from 2011 to 2015 to ensure that "Bergen will lead the fashion for street art as an expression both in Norway andScandinavia".[110]
The city ofStavanger is host to the annualNuArt Festival, an event dedicated to promoting street art; the festival is one of the oldest curated "street art" festivals in the world. Nuart Plus is an associated industry and academic symposium dedicated to street art. The event takes place each September.Oslo, by contrast, traditionally has azero tolerance policy against graffiti and street art, but the sanctioned NuArt RAD project is changing that.[111]
Street art came toSweden in the 1990s and has since become the most popular way to establish art in public space.The 2007 book "Street ArtStockholm", by Benke Carlsson, documents street art in the country's capital.[112]
The street art scene ofFinland had its growth spurt from the 1980s onwards until in 1998 the city ofHelsinki began a ten-year zero-tolerance policy which made all forms of street art illegal, punishable with high fines, and enforced through private security contractors. The policy ended in 2008, after which legal walls and art collectives have been established.[citation needed]
Wheatpaste and stencil graffiti art inDenmark increased rapidly after visits fromFaile, Banksy,Ben Eine, and Shepard Fairey between 2002 and 2004, especially in urban areas ofCopenhagen such asNørrebro andVesterbro.[113] Copenhagen is home ofTEJN, the artist credited with introducing theLock On street art genre.
The street art scene inSwitzerland saw the artistHarald Nägeli in the late 1970s.[114] Activity from the nineties on included artists like Toast[115] andNEVERCREW.
Since the collapse of communism in 1989, street art became prevalent inPoland throughout the 1990s. Artists like Sainer and Bezt became known for painting huge murals on buildings and walls in the 2010s.[116] In the city ofŁódź a permanent city exhibition was financed in 2011, under the patronage of Mayor Hanna Zdanowska, called "Urban Forms Gallery".[117] The exhibition included work from some of Poland's elite street artists as well as globally known artists. Despite being mostly accepted by the public, with authorities occasionally allowing artists licenses to decorate public places, other properties are still illegally targeted by artists.Warsaw andGdańsk are other Polish cities with a vibrant street art culture.[118]
A monument inBulgaria depicting Soviet Army soldiers was targeted by anonymous street artists in June 2011. The soldiers of the monument, located inSofia, were embellished to portrayRonald McDonald,Santa Claus,Superman, and others. The monument existed in that condition for several days before being cleaned. Some citizens were in favor of allowing the embellishments to remain.[citation needed]
Mariupol inUkraine saw building murals playing a symbolic role in the 2014 and2022 Russian invasions of Ukraine. In 2018, the Ukrainian artistSasha Korban painted the muralMilana on a facade of a Mariupol building, showing 3-year-old Milana Abdurashytova, a survivor of a 2015 pro-Russian missile attack, as a symbol of resilience.[119][120] The mural was destroyed in late 2022 while Mariupol was still occupied by Russian forces.[121] Also in 2022, the Italian artistJorit painted a mural of a young Australian girl, found in an online search for the word "pigtails", on another building facade in Mariupol, initially stating that the subject was a girl fromDonbas who had lived in Mariupol. His inclusion in the mural of a bomb labelled "NATO" in a town that was severely bombed by Russian forces and the relation with Korban's destroyed mural were criticised by media includingIl Giornale and the investigative journalism websiteValigia Blu.[122][120][123]
Moscow became a hub forRussian graffiti artists as well as international visitors in the 2000s. The Street Kit Gallery, opened in 2008, is dedicated to street art and organizes events in galleries, pop-up spaces and on the streets of the city. The 2009 Moscow International Biennale for Young Art included a section for street art. Active artists include Make, RUS, andKyiv-based Interesni Kazki (also active in Miami and Los Angeles).[124] Britain'sBBC network highlighted the artwork of Moscow street artistPavel 183 in 2012.[125][126]
The dissolution of the Soviet Union leftGeorgia with tantalizing urban space for the development of street art. Although it is a relatively new trend in Georgia, the popularity of street art is growing rapidly. The majority of Georgian street artists are concentrated inTbilisi. Street art serves as a strong tool among young artists to protest against the many controversial issues in the social and political life in Georgia and thus gets considerable attention in society. Influential artists includeGagosh, TamOonz, and Dr.Love.[126][127][128]
Sarajevo became a major hub for street art in Southeastern Europe in the 2010s. It hosts theSarajevo Street Art Festival and the acclaimed 3D street art festival,Beton Fest. The former is held in July of every year and lasts for three days. Each year's edition is made up of numerous street performances, the creation of a new street arts bohemian quarter in the city, concerts, the painting of large murals and the showcasing of other creative art forms. The latter is the only 3D street art festival in Southeastern Europe[129] and has hosted many renowned street artists such as Vera Bugatti,[130] Giovanna la Pietra,[131] Tony Cuboliquido,[132] Manuel Bastante[133] and others.
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InIndia, street art is hugely popular. Many of the film and TV series promotional materials were created by street painters/artists. Currently, digital art is replacing hand painted posters. From 1960 to the 1990s, the street posters worked well and impressed audiences. In the 1990s the hand painted posters started to be replaced by flex banners outside theatres. After the 2000s, the popularity of street posters started to decline, being replaced by digitally printed posters. Street artpainting and street art drawingsketch has since declined inIndia due to the replacement by digital posters.
InGeorge Town, Penang, Lithuanian artistErnest Zacharevic created a series of wall murals depicting local culture, inhabitants and lifestyles.[134] They now stand as celebrated cultural landmarks of George Town, withChildren on a Bicycle becoming one of the most photographed spots in the city.[135] Since then, the street art scene has blossomed.
InSouth Korea's second-largest city,Busan, German painter Hendrik Beikirch created a mural over 70 metres (230 ft) high, considered Asia's tallest at the time of its creation in August 2012. The monochromatic mural portrays a fisherman.[136] It was organized byPublic Delivery.[137]
A great deal of street art by well-known artists can be found in theBang Rak district of Bangkok, on Soi Charoen Krung 28–32, betweenCharoen Krung road and theChao Phraya river.[138]
A variety of street art by international artists alongside local artists likeDede (artist),Broken Fingaz Crew andKnow Hope are in southTel-Aviv, in neighbourhoods likeFlorentin, Tel Aviv,Neve Tzedek.[citation needed]
InUnited Arab Emirates' largest city,Dubai, several famous painters created urban mural artwork on the buildings, which was initiated by StreetArtNews and named it Dubai Street Museum.[139][140]
There is street art in major cities as well as regional towns in Australia.[141]
Melbourne is home to one of the world's most active and diverse street art cultures and is home to pioneers in the stencil medium. Street artists such asBlek le Rat andBanksy often exhibited works on Melbourne's streets in the 2000s. Works are supported and preserved by local councils. Key locations within the city includeBrunswick,Carlton,Fitzroy,Northcote and thecity centre including the famousHosier Lane.
Sydney's street art scene includesNewtown area graffiti and street art.Brisbane City Council supports graffiti on traffic signal boxes and other public spaces, although they prosecutedAnthony Lister in 2016 despite deputy mayorDavid Hinchliffe having encouraged him in 1999 to paint signal traffic boxes.[142] The Brisbane Street Art Festival has been running annually since 2016.[143] Many local governments throughout Australia run traffic signal box painting programs.
Dunedin pioneered "official" street art in New Zealand with over sixty bus shelters being given unique murals by painter John Noakes during the 1980s, many of them featuring local scenes or scenes inspired by the names of their locales.[144] The Dunedin City Council has since commissioned a series of similar designs to grace electric boxes around the city. Street murals have also become a popular addition to Dunedin, with over 30 works by both local and overseas artists being added to the central city—especially around theWarehouse Precinct andExchange areas—since an international street art festival was held there in the early 2000s.[145] These include one of New Zealand's tallest works, a seven-story mural on the wall of theSouthern Cross Hotel by Fintan Magee.[146]
Christchurch was devastated by2 earthquakes in 2010 and 2011 and as a result, 8000 homes and 80 percent of the central city were condemned. It wasn't until two and half years later that the city was able to host its first major cultural event[citation needed] –Rise Street Art Festival held atCanterbury Museum produced by Australasian street art organizer Oi YOU!.[147]
The event attracted over 248,000 visitors (the most-visited show in the museum's history) and saw 15 murals painted across the devastated central city. The murals became community icons for the re-emergence and rebuild of Christchurch.[citation needed]
Two further Oi YOU! Festivals, both under the name ofSpectrum, featured large internal exhibitions as well as adding to the city's stock of murals.[148] SinceRise, over 40 murals have been produced in the central city and theLonely Planet guide to global street art featured Christchurch as one of the best cities in the world to experience the art form.[citation needed]
InAuckland in 2009, Auckland's city council permitted electrical boxes to be used as canvases for street art. Local street art groupTMD (The Most Dedicated) won the "Write For Gold" international competition in Germany two years in a row. Surplus Bargains is another local collective.[149] In 2019 in Auckland, a heritage building in the city was painted without the owners' permission by Ares Artifex.[150]
Although street art inSouth Africa is not as ubiquitous as in European cities,Johannesburg's centralNewtown district is a center for street art in the city.[151] The "City Of Gold International Urban Art Festival" was held in the city'sBraamfontein civic and student district in April 2012.[152]
TheNew York Times reportedCairo's emergence as a street art center of the region in 2011. Slogans calling for the overthrow of theMubarak regime has evolved into æsthetic and politically provocative motifs.[153][154]
Street art fromEgypt,Tunisia,Yemen, andLibya has gained notoriety since theArab Spring, including a 2012 exhibition inMadrid's Casa Árabe.[155]
In 1981,Washington Project for the Arts held an exhibition entitledStreet Works, which includedurban art pioneers such asFab Five Freddy andLee Quiñones working directly on the streets.[156]
Sarasota Chalk Festival was founded in 2007 sponsoring street art by artists initially invited from throughout the US and soon extended to internationally. In 2011 the festival introduced aGoing Vertical mural program and itsCellograph project to accompany the street drawings that also are created by renowned artists from around the world. Many international films have been produced by and about artists who have participated in the programs, their murals and street drawings, and special events at the festival.[158]
TheStreetart Festival Istanbul is Turkey's first annual street art and post-graffiti festival.[159] The Festival was founded by the artist and graphics designer Pertev Emre Tastaban in 2007.[160]
Living Walls is an annual street art conference founded in 2009.[161] In 2010 it was hosted inAtlanta and in 2011 jointly in Atlanta andAlbany, New York. Living Walls was also active in promoting street art atArt Basel Miami Beach 2011.[162]
The RVA Street Art Festival is a street art festival inRichmond, Virginia, began in 2012. It is organized by Edward Trask and Jon Baliles. In 2012, the festival took place along the Canal Walk; in 2013 it took place at the abandoned GRTC lot on Cary Street.[163]
ThePasadena Chalk Festival, held annually inPasadena, California, is the largest street-art festival in the world, according toGuinness World Records.[164] The 2010 edition involved about six hundred artists of all ages and skills and attracted more than 100,000 visitors.[165]
UMA – Universal Museum of Art[166] launched a comprehensive Street Art exhibition "A Walk Into Street Art"[167] in April 2018. This exhibition in virtual reality offers works fromBanksy,JR,Jef Aérosol,Vhils,Shepard Fairey,Keith Haring, among others.
The Eureka Street Art Festival is an annual public art event inHumboldt County, California. Artists from throughout California and the world to paint murals and create street art during a week-long festival. The 2018 festival saw 24 artists create 22 pieces of public art in the Old Town area of the city, focusing on Opera Alley.[168] The 2019 festival is centered on the Downtown region.
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