TheNational Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 was published by theBritish government during thesecond Cameron ministry on 23 November 2015 to outline the United Kingdom's defence strategy up to 2025. It identified key threats to the UK and the capabilities it required to address them.[1]
The National Security Risk Assessment 2015 found the threats faced by the UK, including its Overseas Territories and overseas interests, have "increased in scale, diversity and complexity" since 2010. It highlighted four particular threats that are likely to be priorities for UK security in the coming decade:[2]: 15
The increasing threat posed by terrorism, extremism and instability.
The resurgence of state-based threats; and intensifying wider state competition.
The impact of technology, especially cyber threats; and wider technological developments.
The commitments in the paper for equipment and support for the three services amounted to £178 billion up to 2025. This is roughly 20% of the 10 year budget period.[3]
The government reaffirmed its commitment to spending 2% of national GDP on defence.[2]: 27
The largest deployable expeditionary force to be increased from 30,000 to 50,000 by 2025.[2] This includes a maritime task group headed by an aircraft carrier, a landdivision consisting of three brigades, an air group of combat, surveillance and transport aircraft, and a Special Forces task group.[2]
Planned investment in Special Forces equipment doubled and advanced communications equipment and weapons will be purchased.
British Defence Staffs headquarters will be established in the Middle East, Asia-Pacific and Africa in 2016.[2]: 49
£1.9 billion investment in cyber capabilities and development of satellite communications and space-based surveillance capabilities.[2]: 40, 46
The Ministry of Defence would purchase at least 2Airbus Zephyr high-altitude UAVs.[4]
The number of nuclear warheads will be reduced to no more than 180 by the mid-2020s.[2]
BothQueen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers to be brought into service and fully crewed, one of which would be modified to better support amphibious operations and one carrier to be available at all times.
The Royal Navy continue to maintain 19 frigates and destroyers, but with the long-term goal of ultimately increasing the fleet.[2]
Procurement of theType 26 frigate reduced from 13 to 8.[5] A new class of "at least five" lighter, flexible, general purpose frigates to be designed and built to ensure the Royal Navy has "at least" 13 frigates in service.[2] These were to be more affordable than the Type 26s in order to allow the Royal Navy to buy more of them and further expand its fleet of frigates and destroyers by the 2030s.[2] This second variant to be known as theType 31 frigate.[6]
A new class ofballistic missile submarines, now known as theDreadnought class, to be built to replace all fourVanguard-class submarines, the first of which will enter service in the early 2030s. Ballistic missile submarines to carry no more than 40 warheads across only eight operational Trident D5 missiles[2]: 34, 35
A further twoRiver-class patrol vessels were to be ordered for a fleet of "up to 6" by 2025. The three Batch 2 River-Class ships to replace the earlier 3 Batch 1 River-Class ships.[7][8] Later, during a Defence Select Committee in July 2016, the First Sea LordAdmiral Sir Philip Andrew Jones indicated that the option for a fleet of 'up to six' offshore patrol vessels had been reduced to five, withClyde being replaced by one of the new Batch 2 ships.[9]
A parliamentary reply noted that "The consideration of options to deliver the capabilities provided byRFA Diligence andRFA Argus remains ongoing" although this policy was vague and had not been acted upon.[12]
Two additionalEurofighter Typhoon squadrons to be formed by postponing plans to retireTranche 1 Typhoons. This was to bring the total number of frontline Typhoon squadrons to seven by 2025 (though the2021 defence review later announced the retirement of all Tranche 1s by 2025). The Typhoon aircraft were also to receive upgrades to ensure they would be retained for an additional ten years (until 2040).[3][13]
There was a reaffirmed commitment to ordering 138Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning IIs, with a total of 24 available to be deployed on board theQueen Elizabeth-class carriers by 2023.[14][15]
The paper announced that the third Tornado GR4 Squadron (12 Squadron) would continue until 2018 while the remaining two squadrons, 9 and 31 Squadrons would have an out of service date of 2019.[11]
TheRPAS fleet to be doubled with the current 10General Atomics MQ-9 Reapers to be replaced by more than 20 new armedProtector Drones (program formerly known as Scavenger).[17] (This decision was subsequently modified in the 2021 defence review).
14Voyager air-to-air refuelling aircraft to be in service by 2025, with one fitted for transport of the Prime Minister, senior cabinet officials and the Royal Family.[18]
Continued investment to be made in the development of new precision weapons.
Around fourSentinel R1 to be extended in service "into the next decade", but to leave service by 2025.[19] (This decision was subsequently modified in the 2021 defence review).
Shadow R1 to remain in service until "at least" 2030 and two more aircraft will be procured.
Sentry AEW1 andRivet Joint R1 to remain in service until 2035. (The decision concerning the continuation of the Sentry AEW1 was subsequently modified in the 2021 defence review).
Two rapid-reaction "Strike Brigades" will be formed by 2025, comprising 5,000 personnel each, equipped with Ajax and theMechanised Infantry Vehicle. The Armoured Infantry Brigades will be reduced from three to two.[3]
Two innovative brigades will be established, comprising a mix of Regulars and specialist capabilities from the Reserves, that are able to contribute to strategic communications, tackle hybrid warfare and deliver better battlefield intelligence.
Apache attack helicopters will be upgraded. Four squadrons will exist in 2025.
Challenger 2 tanks will be upgraded by the Life Extension Project (LEP), which will extend the tank's out-of-service date.
There will be an increase of 1,900 security and intelligence staff across allintelligence agencies to respond to terrorism, cyber and other threats.[2]: 24
The government outlined a range of foreign policy initiatives. These included:
A permanent UK military presence will be maintained in thePersian Gulf, including a new naval base in Bahrain, namedHMS Juffair, and the establishment of a new British Defence Staff in the Middle East, as well as in the Asia Pacific and Africa.[2]: 55
There will be a doubling of the number of military personnel contributed toUnited Nations peacekeeping operations.[2]: 60
The UK will work with the rule-based international order and help strengthen multilateral institutions.[2]: 60
Malcolm Chambers of theRoyal United Services Institute (RUSI) welcomed the 2015 NSS and SDSR, stating that "The outcome of this SDSR is much better than the armed forces had been expecting only six months ago, when further steep capability cuts – comparable to those suffered over the last five years – were widely anticipated."[22]
FormerChief of the General Staff Lord Dannatt welcomed the SDSR, stating that it was an attempt to rectify past errors made in the 2010 SDSR.[23]
TheInternational Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) responded to the SDSR by saying it "offers a credible plan to improve, modernise and increase UK security and hard power. It maintains the UK as a significant defence power, and adds and protects future capabilities, including in areas that are needed to deal with modern threats such as terrorism and cyber attack."[24]
A report in Defense Aerospace argued that the review actually showed that "New cash is in short supply [and the] new capabilities [are] undefined, uncosted, unscheduled.[25]
James de Waal ofChatham House argued that the review was more of a "political success" for the Conservative-led government, but "the way it came together speaks to larger problems with British policy-making on security."[26]
The Economist judged that Britain had reasserted itself as a "serious military power".[27]
Japanese Minister of DefenseGen Nakatani said the review reaffirmed the UK's commitment to its "presence as a global power" and "The SDSR highlighted Japan as the closest security partner in Asia, and I highly regard this statement."[28]
In a policy paper forHistory & Policy, Edward Longinotti argues that Britain's strategic defence review comes at a time when the country's defence policy faces the same challenges as those encountered in 1968: how to accommodate two major commitments, to Europe and to an ‘east of Suez’ global military strategy, within a modest defence budget that can only fund one.[29]
Prime MinisterDavid Cameron claimedU.S. PresidentBarack Obama was "clearly delighted" with the results of the UK's defence review, with US officials reported to have been concerned at the weakening of UK defence capability caused by previous cuts.[30]
Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs
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