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Stone carving is an activity where pieces of rough naturalstone are shaped by the controlled removal of stone. Owing to the permanence of the material, stone work has survived which was created during ourprehistory or past time.
Work carried out bypaleolithic societies to createstone tools is more often referred to asknapping. Stone carving that is done to produce lettering is more often referred to aslettering.[citation needed] The process of removing stone from the earth is calledmining orquarrying.
Stone carving is one of the processes which may be used by anartist when creating asculpture. The term also refers to the activity ofmasons in dressing stone blocks for use inarchitecture,building orcivil engineering. It is also a phrase used byarchaeologists,historians, andanthropologists to describe the activity involved in making some types ofpetroglyphs.
The earliest known works of representational art are stone carvings. Often marks carved into rock orpetroglyphs will survive where painted work will not. PrehistoricVenus figurines such as theVenus of Berekhat Ram may be as old as 250,000 years,[citation needed] and are carved in stones such astuff andlimestone.
These earliest examples of the stone carving are the result of hitting or scratching a softer stone with a harder one, although sometimes more resilient materials such as antlers are known to have been used for relatively soft stone. Another early technique was to use an abrasive that was rubbed on the stone to remove the unwanted area. Prior to the discovery ofsteel by any culture, all stone carving was carried out by using anabrasion technique, following rough hewing of the stone block using hammers. The reason for this is thatbronze, the hardest available metal until steel, is nothard enough to work any but the softest stone. The Ancient Greeks used theductility of bronze to trap small granules ofcarborundum, that are naturally occurring on the island ofMilos, thus making a very efficientfile for abrading the stone.
The development ofiron made possible stone carving tools, such as chisels, drills and saws made fromsteel, that were capable of beinghardened andtempered to a state hard enough to cut stone without deforming, while not being so brittle as to shatter. Carving tools have changed little since then.
Modern, industrial, large quantity techniques still rely heavily on abrasion to cut and remove stone, although at a significantly faster rate with processes such aswater erosion anddiamond saw cutting.
One modern stone carving technique uses a new process: The technique of applying sudden high temperature to the surface. The expansion of the top surface due to the sudden increase in temperature causes it to break away. On a small scale,Oxy-acetylene torches are used. On an industrial scale,lasers are used. On a massive scale, carvings such as theCrazy Horse Memorial carved from the Harney Peak granite ofMount Rushmore and theConfederate Memorial Park in Albany, Georgia are produced usingjet heat torches.
Carving stone intosculpture is an activity older than civilization itself.Prehistoric sculptures were usually human forms, such as theVenus of Willendorf and the faceless statues of theCycladic cultures. Later cultures devised animal, human-animal and abstract forms in stone. The earliest cultures used abrasive techniques, and modern technology employs pneumatic hammers and other devices. But for most of human history, sculptors used hammer and chisel as the basic tools for carving stone.
The process begins with the selection of a stone for carving. Some artists use the stone itself as inspiration; theRenaissance artistMichelangelo claimed that his job was to free the human form trapped inside the block. Other artists begin with a form already in mind and find a stone to complement their vision. The sculptor may begin by forming a model in clay or wax, sketching the form of the statue on paper or drawing a general outline of the statue on the stone itself.
When ready to carve, the artist usually begins by knocking off large portions of unwanted stone. This is the "roughing out" stage of the sculpting process. For this task they may select a pointchisel, which is a long, hefty piece of steel with a point at one end and a broad striking surface at the other. A pitching tool may also be used at this early stage; which is a wedge-shaped chisel with a broad, flat edge. The pitching tool is useful for splitting the stone and removing large, unwanted chunks. Those two chisels are used in combination with amasons driving hammer.
Once the general shape of the statue has been determined, the sculptor uses other tools to refine the figure. A toothed chisel or claw chisel has multiple gouging surfaces which create parallel lines in the stone. These tools are generally used to add texture to the figure. An artist might mark out specific lines by using calipers to measure an area of stone to be addressed, and marking the removal area with pencil, charcoal or chalk. The stone carver generally uses a shallower stroke at this point in the process, usually in combination with a woodenmallet.
Eventually the sculptor has changed the stone from a rough block into the general shape of the finished statue. Tools calledrasps andrifflers are then used to enhance the shape into its final form. A rasp is a flat, steel tool with a coarse surface. The sculptor uses broad, sweeping strokes to remove excess stone as small chips or dust. A riffler is a smaller variation of the rasp, which can be used to create details such as folds of clothing or locks of hair.
The final stage of the carving process is polishing. Sandpaper can be used as a first step in the polishing process, or sand cloth. Emery, a stone that is harder and rougher than the sculpture media, is also used in the finishing process. This abrading, or wearing away, brings out the color of the stone, reveals patterns in the surface and adds a sheen. Tin and iron oxides are often used to give the stone a highly reflective exterior.
Sculptures can be carved via either the direct or the indirect carving method. Indirect carving is a way of carving by using an accurate clay, wax or plaster model, which is then copied with the use of acompass orproportional dividers[1] or apointing machine. The direct carving method is a way of carving in a more intuitive way, without first making an elaborate model. Sometimes a sketch on paper or a rough clay draft is made.
Stone has been used for carving since ancient times for many reasons. Most types of stone are easier to find than metal ores, which have to be mined and smelted. Stone can be dug from the surface and carved with hand tools. Stone is more durable than wood, and carvings in stone last much longer than wooden artifacts. Stone comes in many varieties and artists have abundant choices in color, quality and relative hardness.
Soft stone such aschalk,soapstone,pumice andTufa can be easily carved with found items such as harder stone or in the case of chalk even the fingernail.Limestones andmarbles can be worked using abrasives and simple iron tools.Granite,basalt and somemetamorphic stone is difficult to carve even with iron or steel tools; usuallytungsten carbide tipped tools are used, although abrasives still work well. Modern techniques often use abrasives attached to machine tools to cut the stone.
Precious and semi-preciousgemstones are also carved into delicate shapes for jewellery or larger items, and polished; this is sometimes referred to aslapidary, although strictly speaking lapidary refers to cutting and polishing alone.
When worked, some stones release dust that can damage lungs (silica crystals are usually to blame), so a respirator is sometimes needed.
Basic stone carving tools fall into five categories:
More advanced processes, such aslaser cutting andjet torches, use sudden high temperature with a combination of cooling water to spall flakes of stone. Other modern processes may involvediamond-wire machines or other large scale production equipment to remove large sections of undesired stone.
The use of chisels forstone carving is possible in several ways. Two are:
There are many types and styles of stone carving tools, each carver will decide for themselves which tools to use. Traditionalists might use hand tools only.
Poweredpneumatic hammers make the hard work easier. Progress on shaping stone is faster with pneumatic carving tools.Air hammers (such as Cuturi) place many thousands of impacts per minute upon the end of the tool, which would usually be manufactured or modified to suit the purpose. This type of tool creates the ability to 'shave' the stone, providing a smooth and consistent stroke, allowing for larger surfaces to be worked.
Among modern tool types, there are two main stone carving chisels:
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