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Strawberries (Fragaria ×ananassa) in the United States are almost entirely grown in California – 86% of fresh and 98% of frozen in 2017^[1] – withFlorida a distant second.^[2][3] Of that 30.0% was fromMonterey, 28.6% fromVentura, 20.0% fromSanta Barbara, 10.0% fromSan Luis Obispo, and 9.2% fromSanta Cruz.^[1] TheWatsonville/Salinas strawberry zone in Santa Cruz/Monterey, and theOxnard zone in Ventura, contribute heavily to those concentrations.

Production has risen steadily from 2005 when 34,300 acres (13,900 ha) were harvested through 2017 when 38,200 acres (15,500 ha) were harvested. The 2005 season's harvest sold for $1,122,834,000.^[1] The 2017 harvest sold for $3,100,215,000.^[1]

TheCalifornia Strawberry Commission is a commodity group that advocates for strawberry growers. The CSC provides information for both growers^[4] and consumers.^[2] Some towns have annual strawberry festivals, seeStrawberry festival § United States. TheDriscoll's company began with strawberries here and still grows and sells here; they have since expanded to other states, countries, and types of berries.

Cal Poly runs theStrawberry Center^[5] for both research, and producer education.

Productivity routinely averages 76,500 pounds per acre (85.7 t/ha; 38.3 short ton/acre).^[1] In 2017 that resulted in a total of 1,461.2 thousand short tons (1,325.6 thousand metric tons) worth $3,100,215,000.^[1]

In 2017, growers received $1.23 per pound ($2.7/kg), which was 1.126x the average value/weight for fruits, and compared to $1.40 per pound ($3.1/kg) forFlorida growers.^[6] 269.6 million pounds (122,300 metric tons; 134,800 short tons) were harvested, facing Mexican imports of 364.6 million pounds (165,400 metric tons; 182,300 short tons).^[6] Growers paid $12.60/hour on average to farmworkers.^[6] In 2005Santa Maria was far belowOxnard andSalinas–Watsonville.^[7] By 2019 however Santa Maria had become the highest producing area in the state for bothconventional andorganic.^[7] In 2021 36,500 acres (14,800 ha; 148 km²) were harvested, almost all from the same three longstanding areas, Oxnard, Santa Maria, and Salinas–Watsonville.^[7] This requires 1.5 workers per acre (3.7/ha) totalling 50-60,000 in the summer peak.^[7]

Regional Integrated Pest Management Centers (Regional IPM Centers) hosts a suggestedIPM plan for strawberry.^[1]

ForSanta Barbara County specifically,Cooperative Extension SB provides detailed recommendations and practices.^[8] For their cultivar recommendations seeAgriculture in California § Cultivars.

As of 2022^[update] there is increasing interest and increasing progress in automated (robotic)phytopathology in this crop, especiallymonitoring for insects andUV-C application for mites.^[9]

The use ofsoil fumigation was highly praised and widely recommended by theCalifornia Strawberry Advisory Board in 1967.^[10] Strawberry production here has been highly productive ever since but also highly dependent on fumigants.^[11] So vital was the most common fumigant –methyl bromide – that the ongoing phase out of the chemical has sent growers and researchers scrambling for alternatives.^[10] One alternative specifically fornematodes is1,3-Dichloropropene, however some of the finely textured soils in some of the state's soil regions reduce its efficacy, and as of 2010^[update] there are restrictions in some townships on maximum rates.^[10]Soil solarization is another option.^[12] Stapletonet al., 2005 eliminate almost 100% ofannual weeds in this crop with solarization alone.^[12] It completely fails againstyellow nutsedge however.^[12]

Variousstrains ofBotrytis cinerea are the most common and most impactful disease of this crop.^[1][13] Botrytis leaf spot was first discovered here.^[14]Conventional strawberry requires manyfungicide sprays per season.^[13] Losses can commonly be 30–40% if fungicides are not competently employed, or not permitted as with organic.^[1] If lower temperatures and high rain persist unusually long, such a control failure will cost 50–60% of the yield – at this point the season is abandoned and 100% of revenue will be lost.^[1]

Strawberry crown rot is a major disease here as it is in any productive growing region.^[15]Genetic markers for CRresistance would make a significant difference inyield.^[15] Shawet al., 2008 is a starting point for such screening, using the markers they found.^[15] SeeAgriculture in California § Strawberry crown rot andAgriculture in California § Phytophthora cactorum.

Daugovishet al., 2012 finds the introduction ofdrip irrigation has reduced asymptomaticColletotrichum acutatum presence in nurseries, and thus lower anthracnose in the resulting transplants.^[16] SeeAgriculture in California § Strawberry anthracnose and for a treatment seeAgriculture in California § Natamycin.^[17]

The only effective treatment of Fusarium Wilt may begenetic resistance.^[18] Pincotet al., 2018 tested UCD varieties for resistance and locatedFw1, adominant gene explaining almost all FW resistance.^[18]Fw1 is very likely to be atoll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) gene.^[18] They also identify seven accessions which arefw1 (recessive susceptible homozygous) yet nonetheless resistant, and thus predicted to carry yet-unidentified novel genetics.^[18] SeeAgriculture in California § Fusarium Wilt of Strawberry.

No cultivar has full resistance topowdery mildew, and the partial resistance that is available varies widely.^[1] Palmer & Holmes 2021 finds increasing resistance/declining efficacy to most of the most commonly applied ingredients, inOxnard.^[19]

Insects are a constant concern.^[20][21] The Beet Armyworm (BAW,Spodoptera frugiperda)skeletonizes leaves, damages crowns, and then begins eating the berries.^[21] BAW is especially a problem of the southern andSanta Maria strawberry zones, but can damagetransplant crowns anywhere in the state.^[21] Egg deposition is most often in the fall.^[21] Overwintering is possible and will produce earlier and more severe infestations.^[21] BAW is controlled by a parasitoid wasp,Hyposoterexiguae, and bySpodoptera exigua nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SeNPV)^[22] but additional control may be needed.^[21]Insecticides during transplanting are needed sometimes in the southern areas, but sometimes not due to natural controls.^[21] A good part of control relies only onweed management in the surrounding area, depriving BAW ofalternate hosts.^[21] Further control may be needed using insecticides includingmethoxyfenozide,spinetoram,Bacillus thuringiensis ssp.kurstaki,diazinon.^[21]Organic control requires all of the non-insecticide methods (aggressive weeding, wasps, virus) plusBacillus thuringiensis ssp.aizawai orEntrust which contains spinosad.^[21]

TheWestern Flower Thrips is common here.^[23]Organochlorines were used until being replaced in the 1970s bycarbamates andorganophosphates.^[23] SeeAgriculture in California § Western Flower Thrips.

Lygus bugs are common pests here including theWestern Tarnished Plant Bug (Lygus hesperus).^[24] A vacuum collector called the BugVac is often used for this pest in strawberry.^[25]

Birds have mixed effects on strawberries here.^[26] They botheat farmed fruits but also the insects that trouble them.^[26]Hedgerows attract birds, whether that is desirable or undesirable.^[26] In theCentral Valley, farm hedgerows,treelines, andwoodlands will have 2x–3x the number of species and 3x–6x the population size of birds than an unvegetated edge of a field.^[26]

Whatever the specific effect of birds upon strawberry fields, large hedgerows in this statedo improve both theyield and quality of strawberries grown nearby versus those grown next to smaller hedges or grassy banks.^[26]

Yellow sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis L. Lam.), chickweed (Stellaria spp.), annual bluegrass (Poa annua Linnaeus), shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris Linnaeus Medikus), crabgrass (variousDigitaria spp.), spotted spurge (Euphorbia maculata Linnaeus Small), andyellow nutsedge are common annual weeds in strawberry.^[12]

UC IPM recommends^[27] pesticide selection criteria,resistance management strategies,application practices, and environmental considerations.

Fungicides are used many times per season.^[13]Captan is by far the most common, averaging 7.3applications per season,pyraclostrobin 2.5, cyprodinil 2.3,fludioxonil 2.3,boscalid 1.8, fenhexamid 1.4, pyrimethanil 1.2, penthiopyrad 0.9, sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate 0.8,fluxapyroxad 0.75, and there were rare uses ofPolyoxin D,Neem Oil,Fluopyram,Banda deLupinus albus doce,Trifloxystrobin,Bacillus subtilis,Reynoutria sachalinensis,Thiram,Streptomyces lydicus,Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,Thiophanate-methyl,Aureobasidium pullulans,Hydrogen dioxide, andPeroxyacetic acid.^[13]UCR recommends fungicides andresistance management guidelines.^[28] (SeeAgriculture in California § Captan,Agriculture in California § Pyraclostrobin,Agriculture in California § Cyprodinil,Agriculture in California § Fludioxonil,Agriculture in California § Boscalid,Agriculture in California § fenhexamid, andAgriculture in California § Pyrimethanil.)

The interests of nurseries and growers in maintainingfungicide efficacy necessitates coordination of their fungicide usage between them to slowresistance evolution.^[1]

So beneficial was fumigation in this crop thatAnsel Adams andNancy Newhall selected it as one of the great achievements of theUniversity of California system to photograph for their centennial book.^[29][30] However, increasing legal restrictions have made alternatives financially more attractive, otherwise more attractive, or even just necessary.^[12][29] Methyl bromide, and then methyl bromide +chloropicrin, were the original fumigants which so impressed Adams & Newhall and this allowed great expansion of strawberries here.^[29] Over the next several decades this encouraged breeding to ignore disease resistance in preference to all other traits, and only recently has methyl bromide phaseout made resistance interesting again.^[29]

Anaerobic soil disinfestation doesn't work for weeds in this crop, but ASD combined withrice bran is a good alternative to methyl bromide and other soil fumigants for microbial diseases includingVerticillium dahliae.^[31][18]

The Davis campus is a major hub ofstrawberry breeding in the state, and indeed in the world.^[32] The Knapp group^[33] is a large part of strawberry biology study at the university, including the breeding program – of which Knapp himself is the director.^[33] UCD'svarieties may belicensed from ITC.^[34] From 1986 Douglas Shaw headed the program, and starting in 1991 Kirk Larson co-headed with him.^[35] In 2013 they attempted to negotiate a retirement arrangement in which they would start their own breeding company, licensing UCD'spatented varieties.^[35] UCD initially agreed but, anticipating the loss of revenue from what would essentially be aspin-off, reversed themselves.^[35] Shaw and Larson retired anyway in 2014 asCalifornia Berry Cultivars, licensed what they could and began to breed from those, and sued UCD for not holding to the previous agreement.^[35] UCD countersued, alleging they had walked away with (stolen) unreleasedgermplasm and various otherintellectual property violations.^[35] Acivil trial resulted and, although CBC rapidly lost ground, the judge suggested that UCD would also be examined and face some consequences if the trial were to proceed.^[35] UCD and CBC settled with CBC forgoing $2.5 million in futureroyalties.^[35]

Other strawberry species (Fragaria spp.) are commonly used in breeding, includingF. vesca the Woodland Strawberry.^[36] The UCD program is no exception and its genetic analyses also are used around the world by geneticists, other researchers, and breeders.^[36]

The analysis of Pincotet al., 2018 incidentally identifies a likelybottleneck in UCD's germplasm beginning in 1975.^[18]

CalPoly Strawberry Center^[5] does not operate a breeding program of its own. Instead the SC screens the varieties that come out of all of the state's breeding programs for disease resistance.^[37]

Driscoll's has its ownprivate breeding program.^[38]

Day-neutrality is necessary to cultivation in some of the state's growing zones.^[39]F. virginiana ssp.glauca's day-neutrality wasintrogressed intoF. xananassa and first released in 1979 varieties.^[39]

UC IPM lists and describes the most commonly grownvarieties of strawberry here.^[40]

UC Davis'sInnovation and Technology Commercialization office licenses and sub-licenses^[41] all cultivars created by the entireUniversity system.^[42] These are:

ForSanta Barbara County specifically,Cooperative Extension SB recommends overlapping with twocultivar groups:Short-day andday-neutral.^[8] For short day they suggest cvs. 'Benicia', 'Camarosa', 'Camino Real', 'Chandler', 'Mojave', and/or 'Ventana'.^[8] For day-neutral, cvs. 'Albion', 'Monterrey', 'San Andrés', and/or 'Seascape'.^[8]

As of July 2022^[update] twelvenurseries are licensed topropagate UCD varieties: Cal, Cedar Point, Crown, Innovative Organic, Jacobsen Pacific, Larse, Lassen Canyon, Monte Vista, Mountain Valley, NorCal, Planasa, and Sierra-Cascade.^[43]

cv. 'Camino Real' produces heavily in theCentral Coast.^[8] 'CR' yields over 4,000 pounds per acre (4.5 t/ha) more than cv. 'Chandler', and berries average 27 grams vs. 21 grams, inFresno County.^[44]

From the introduction of methyl bromide in late 1950s to the beginning of phaseout in the late 1990s, MB's great effectiveness encouraged breeders to ignoresoilborne disease resistance in preference to all other traits.^[29] Now, especially with the end of all methyl bromide use outside of nurseries in December 2016, resistance has become interesting again.^[29] There is indeed a wide range of resistance to soilborne pathogens in existing cultivars and these resistances can be quite effective.^[29]

Varieties bred here tie withMediterranean varieties for the mostinbred in the world, due to intense breeding specifically for this market.^[15]

Florida's industry commonly uses varieties originated here.^[45]Turkey's modern strawberry industry was begun from California varieties, and still relies heavily on varieties bred here, along with Florida varieties and some fromAustralia.^[46]: 6

Oxnard

UCD'sFoundation Plant Services performsdisease testing (especially for viruses),variety identification testing, and supplies tissue or plants forpropagation material.^[47][48]

• Agriculture in California
• Strawberry production

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