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Stephen Samuel Wise | |
|---|---|
 Portrait byHarris & Ewingc. 1920s–1930s | |
| Born | Stephen Samuel Weisz (1874-03-17)March 17, 1874 |
| Died | April 19, 1949(1949-04-19) (aged 75) New York City, U.S. |
| Education | Columbia University (BA,PhD) |
| Occupations | Rabbi, writer |
| Spouse | Louise Waterman Wise |
| Children | Justine W. Polier, James W. Wise |
| Signature | |
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Stephen Samuel Wise (March 17, 1874 – April 19, 1949) was an early 20th-century AmericanReformrabbi andZionist leader in theProgressive Era. Born in Budapest, he was an infant when his family immigrated to New York. He followed his father and grandfather in becoming a rabbi, serving in New York and in Portland, Oregon. Wise was also a founding member of theNAACP.[1]
Wise was born on March 17, 1874, inBudapest in theAustro-Hungarian Empire, the son and grandson ofrabbis and their wives. His grandfather,Joseph Hirsch Weiss, was rabbi ofErlau, today known as Eger, and a highly conservativeharedi scholar. Wise's father,Aaron Wise, earned aPhD and ordination in Europe. Wise's maternal grandfather,Móric Fischer de Farkasházy, created theHerend Porcelain Company. When Wise's father sought to unionize the company, Moric gave the family one-way tickets to New York. In the U.S., Aaron Wise eventually became chief rabbi of theCongregation Rodeph Sholom in New York City, moving from his own father's Orthodoxy towardReform Judaism.
Stephen Wise attended local public schools. He received his higher education at theCollege of the City of New York,Columbia College (B.A. 1892,Cum laude), andColumbia University (PhD 1902). Later he pursued rabbinical studies under rabbisRichard J. H. Gottheil,Alexander Kohut, Gersoni, Joffe, and Margolis. He was ordained as rabbi by RabbiAdolph Jellinek of Vienna in 1893.[2] In 1933, Wise received an honoraryL.H.D. fromBates College.
In 1893, Wise was appointed assistant rabbi of CongregationB'nai Jeshurun, Manhattan; its senior rabbi was Henry S. Jacobs. Later in the same year, Wise became the senior rabbi of the same congregation.
In 1900, he was called as rabbi toCongregation Beth Israel inPortland, Oregon. Typical of the activists of theProgressive Era, he attacked "many of the social and political ills of contemporary America."[3] In 1906, concerning another rabbinical appointment, Wise made a major break from the establishedReform movement over the "question whether the pulpit shall be free or whether the pulpit shall not be free, and, by reason of its loss of freedom, reft of its power for good";[4] in 1907 he established hisFree Synagogue, starting the "free Synagogue" movement.
Wise was an early supporter of Zionism. His support for, and commitment toPolitical Zionism was atypical ofReform Judaism, which had been historically non-Zionist since it adopted thePittsburgh Platform in 1885. He was a founder of the New York Federation of Zionist Societies in 1897, which led in the formation of the nationalFederation of American Zionists (FAZ), a forerunner of theZionist Organization of America. At theSecond Zionist Congress (Basel, 1898), Wise was a delegate and secretary for the English language. Wise served as honorary secretary of FAZ, in close cooperation withTheodor Herzl, until the latter's death in 1904.[5]
In 1915, Wise was one of the founding members of theAmerican Committee on Armenian Atrocities, which later became Near East Relief. HistorianClaire Mouradian states that his activities over thirty years (from theHamidian massacres to the creation of the Republic of Turkey) "reveal a constant concern for raising awareness in favor of the Armenians, whose fate seemed to be a premonition of what might be awaiting Jews in Europe".[6]
Joining U.S. Supreme Court JusticeLouis Brandeis,Felix Frankfurter, and others, Wise laid the groundwork for a democratically elected, nationwide organization of 'ardently Zionist' Jews, 'to represent Jews as a group and not as individuals'.[7] In 1917 he participated in the effort to convince PresidentWoodrow Wilson to approve theBalfour Declaration in support of Jewish settlement in Mandate Palestine.[8] In 1918, following national elections, this Jewish community convened the firstAmerican Jewish Congress inPhiladelphia's historicIndependence Hall.
In December 1925, Wise delivered a sermon about Jesus the Jew, making the case that Jews should view Jesus "as a great moral and ethical teacher, a Jew of whom they might be proud because of his teachings." This sermon caused an uproar among some Jewish institutions, culminating in an edict of condemnation against him by theAgudath Harabonim, the Union of Orthodox Rabbis. Because of the outcry, Wise resigned from his position as Chairman of the United Palestine Appeal. But he referred to the Orthodox condemnation as "un-Jewish," and in a statement to the Jewish Telegraph Agency, he protested, "What a mournful commentary upon the infinite hurt which the Jew has suffered at the hands of Christendom, that a Jewish teacher cannot even at this time speak of Jesus... without being hailed as a convert to Christianity or misunderstood by some of his fellow Jews...."[9][10]
In 1938, as president of the American Jewish Congress, Wise said that adoption of the Alaska proposal in theSlattery Report would deliver "a wrong and hurtful impression ... that Jews are taking over some part of the country for settlement."[11]
Albert Einstein found Wise's mixture of enlightened views and committed Zionism most agreeable, and they became friends when Einstein moved to the US. In a tribute to Wise on his 60th birthday, Einstein said, "Above all, what I admire in him is his bold activity toward building the self-respect of the Jewish people, combined with profound tolerance and penetrating understanding of everything human."[12]
During the trial of the sociologistJerome Davis, Wise stated, based on more than 30 years of acquaintance, that Davis had "never, never" been sympathetic to communism.[13]
In 1902 Wise officiated as first vice-president of theOregon State Conference of Charities and Correction. In 1903 he was appointed Commissioner of Child Labor for the State of Oregon, and founded thePeoples' Forum of Oregon. These activities initiated a lifelong commitment to social justice, stemming from his embrace of a Jewish equivalent of theSocial Gospel movement in Christianity.
InA History of Jews in America historianHoward Sachar wrote, "In 1914, Professor EmeritusJoel Spingarn of Columbia University became chairman of the NAACP and recruited for its board such Jewish leaders as Jacob Schiff,Jacob Billikopf, and Rabbi Stephen Wise."[14]
In 1922 Wise founded theJewish Institute of Religion, an educational center in New York City to train rabbis inReform Judaism. It was merged into theHebrew Union College a year after his death.[15] In 1922 Wise was one of the founding trustees of the Palestine Endowment Funds, Inc., along withJulian Mack.[16]
When theFederation of American Zionists (FAZ) was originally established, Wise was appointed the position secretary. After the organization transformed into theZionist Organization of America, Rabbi Wise fulfilled positions as both president and vice president during his lifetime.
Wise was a close friend of PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt, who turned to Wise for advice on issues concerning the Jewish community in the United States. In addition, Wise had also acted a liaison to previous President Wilson.
At the1924 Democratic National Convention, he was a delegate from New York; at the opening of the sixth session on June 28, 1924, he offered theinvocation.[17] During the 1928 campaign, Wise was a prominent supporter ofDemocratAl Smith.[18]
In 1925 Wise became chairman ofKeren Hayesod, while continuing efforts to bring the Reform movement around to a pro-Zionist stance. With the rise to power ofAdolf Hitler's regime, Wise took the position that public opinion in the United States and elsewhere should be rallied against the Nazis. He used his influence with President Roosevelt both in this area as well as on the Zionist question.
In 1933 while acting as honorary president of the American Jewish Congress, Wise led efforts for aJewish Boycott of Germany. He stated "The time for prudence and caution is past. We must speak up like men. How can we ask our Christian friends to lift their voices in protest against the wrongs suffered by Jews if we keep silent? What is happening in Germany today may happen tomorrow in any other land on earth unless it is challenged and rebuked. It is not the German Jews who are being attacked. It is the Jews".[19] Urged by Wise to protest to the German government, U.S. Secretary of StateCordell Hull issued a mild statement to the American ambassador to Berlin complaining that "unfortunate incidents have indeed occurred and the whole world joins in regretting them."
Wise, along withLeo Motzkin andNahum Goldmann, encouraged the creation in August 1936 of theWorld Jewish Congress in order to create a broader representative body to fight Nazism. Wise served as founding president of the World Jewish Congress president until his death in 1949. He was succeeded by his friend Nahum Goldmann.
Given his position as an influential and highly visible leader of the American Jewish community, Wise was inevitably caught up in the dilemmas facing American policy-makers and Jewish activists when awareness began to grow of the systematic efforts by the Nazi regime to exterminate European Jewry.
Wise's steady nine-year campaign to publicly expose Nazi atrocities against Jews had borne little practical fruit. Roosevelt was reluctant to spend political capital on behalf of foreign refugees, and access to visas and other paths of escape were effectively blocked by the assistant Secretary of StateBreckenridge Long, an admirer of Hitler and Mussolini.[20]
As early information of the full scale of the Nazi slaughter began to emerge from Europe, Jews in the U.S. and other countries were cast into an agonizing debate about how, and whether, to press governments to take steps to save them.
On August 8, 1942,Gerhart M Riegner, then representative of theWorld Jewish Congress in Geneva, sent a cable (now known as theRiegner Telegram) to British and American diplomatic contacts, informing the Allies for the first time about the full official Nazi plans.
Riegner asked that Stephen Wise be made aware of the cable's contents. But U.S. State Department officials did not pass it along.[21] Wise was not informed about the telegram until Riegner sent him another cable directly, almost three weeks later, on August 29. "Received alarming report," the cable read, "that in Fuhrers headquarters plan discussed and under consideration all Jews in countries occupied or controlled Germany number 3-1/2 to 4 million should after deportation and concentration in east should at one blow exterminated to resolve once for all Jewish question in Europe." This was precisely the plan that the Nazi regime was putting into motion.
Wise, innocent of the State Department's earlier receipt of the same news, passed this warning along to his government contacts. And, as was his general policy, refrained from speaking out about the reports of mass slaughter until they had been fully vetted by the State Department.[22]
It was almost four months before U.S. Under-secretary of StateSumner Welles confirmed to Wise that the Riegner Telegram's information was accurate. Wise then held a press conference in Washington, D.C. On November 24, 1942, and announced that the Nazis had a plan for the extermination of all European Jews, and that the number of Jews murdered had already reached 2 million.[23]
During the war years, Wise was elected co-chair of theAmerican Zionist Emergency Council, a forerunner of theAmerican Israel Public Affairs Committee.
Wise was an ardent opponent of the post-war efforts byIsaac Nachman Steinberg, co-founder of the Freeland League, to create a community for Jewish refugees inSuriname. In a letter toKeren Hayesod emissary Ida Silverman he wrote, "I personally believe, that Steinberg needs to be lynched or hanged and quartered, if that would make his lamented demise more certain."[24]
Wise translatedThe Improvement of the Moral Qualities, an ethical treatise of the eleventh century bySolomon ibn Gabirol (New York, 1902) from the originalArabic, and wroteThe Beth Israel Pulpit, among other works. He was invited to deliver the annualCharles P. Steinmetz Memorial Lecture atUnion College in 1944.[25]
Wise's liberal Judaism conflicted with the view of Orthodox and Conservative Jews of the time, a dispute that continues through the present. They felt he worked too closely with his government and was too cautious in accepting and publicizing the early reports of the Holocaust.
Holocaust scholar Dr.David Kranzler, author ofOrthodoxy's Finest Hour, wrote in 2002 that Wise had a"penchant for protecting his close friend and confidant US President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) regardless of the cost to the Jews of Europe." Kranzler accused Wise of failing to recognize the existential threat to European Jewry prior to American entry intoWorld War II, dismissing early reports of theFinal Solution as propaganda, and obstructing rescue efforts.[26]
Kranzler also suggested that Wise did not voluntarily publicize the Holocaust after the Riegner cable, but rather that he was pressured into going public by the American Orthodox Jewish community, who confronted him after receiving what is known as theSternbuch Report on September 2, 1942. Kranzler wrote that Wise declined to publicize these reports until after the U.S. State Department had formally confirmed their accuracy, almost three months later. Kranzler complained that "Every time a unified committee for rescue was organized which was not entirely under Wise’s control, he would force the committee to dissolve."[27]
1940s screenwriter and Jewish activistBen Hecht had been recruited to the inner circle of the Zionist movement known as theBergson Group. This was a committee led by ZionistHillel Kook, who in his interactions with Americans favored the less alien-sounding alias Peter Bergson. Bergson and his team were members of theIrgun, a radical faction of Zionists who favored direct action over slow diplomatic negotiation. Bergson's original mission in the U.S. was to seek American help in creating an armed Jewish force to fight in the war. In 1942, after Bergson read the news stories of Stephen Wise's November 24 press conference, he pivoted into a full-bore fight to combat the slaughter of European Jews.[28]
The Bergson Group's stance on European Jewry was opposed to Wise's: they believed their actions would save more Jews from the Nazi Holocaust. Most American Jewish institutions sided with Wise; Bergson and Wise jockeyed for influence over U.S. policy.
As part of his collaboration with Bergson, Hecht created a giant pageant publicizing the Holocaust calledWe Will Never Die which debuted atMadison Square Garden in New York City in 1943.[29] Hecht recruited show-business friends likeKurt Weill andMoss Hart to write and stage his pageant, and to raise public awareness of the Nazis' mass murder of Jews as stridently as possible. As plans for the show accelerated, a disgruntled Hecht wrote that he was abruptly contacted by Wise:
Rabbi Stephen Wise, head of the Jews of New York, head of the Zionists and, as I knew from reading the papers, head of almost everything noble in American Jewry, telephoned me at the Algonquin Hotel where I had pitched my Hebrew tent.
Rabbi Wise said he would like to see me immediately in his rectory. His voice, which was sonorous and impressive, irritated me. I have never known a man with a sonorous and impressive voice who wasn't either a con man or a bad actor. I explained I was very busy and unable to step out of my hotel.
"Then I shall tell you now, over the telephone, what I had hoped to tell you in my study," said Rabbi Wise."I have read your pageant script and I disapprove of it. I must ask you to cancel this pageant and discontinue all your further activities in behalf of the Jews. If you wish hereafter to work for the Jewish Cause, you will please consult me and let me advise you."
At this point I hung up.[30]
Wise was successful in preventing some performances, but not the national broadcast, ofWe Will Never Die.[31]
In the 2002 bookA Race Against Death: Peter Bergson, America, and the Holocaust,David Wyman andRafael Medoff argued that Wise hindered the Holocaust rescue attempts of theBergson Group and others.[32]
Well after the war Hillel Kook was interviewed in Manhattan by David Kranzler and said that he was considered by Wise to be a betrayer of Zionism since he was willing to save Jews by finding safety for them anywhere in the world, not only in Palestine. That was seen as competition with Zionism. Wise's position was that the Zionist cause is foremost. He stated in the Sol Blum led fall 1943 Congressional hearing investigating Hillel Kook that Jews should be saved (only)by opening the gates to Palestine, which doomed multitudes to a terrible fate, including being murdered. This ideology was shared by the then dominant Zionist leadership.
HistorianSaul Friedländer said that Wise prevented the shipment of food packages from American Jews toGerman-occupied Poland for fear that the Allies would interpret the aid as being sent to the enemy. Unlike Wise, Friedländer believed that the Nazis were distributing aid packages to the concentration camps and ghetto Jews. In the spring of 1941, Rabbi Wise contacted the World Jewish Congress representatives in Europe to halt forthwith any shipment of packages to the ghettos."All these operations with and through Poland must cease at once," Wise cabled to Congress delegates in London and Geneva,and at once in English means AT ONCE, not in the future."[33]
Nachum Goldman, a high level executive of the World Jewish Congress and close to Wise, went to the US State Department and according to the protocol, a copy of which is inA Race Against Death: Peter Bergson, America, and the Holocaust, pleaded for deporting Kook or drafting him into the army for the war, which may well have led to his demise.
In spite of the above, there is a street named for Wise in Jerusalem at a very prestigious location - right by the Israel Museum, the National Library and very near the Knesset. There is also a plaque installed by the Jerusalem municipality and the World Jewish Congress at the house where Goldman sometimes resided (Ahad Ha Am street) and he was given the highest Zionist and Jewish leadership position after the war at the World Jewish Congress, World Zionist Organization, Jewish Agency.
Wise marriedLouise Waterman. The couple had two children: writer James Wise (1901–1983);[34] and JudgeJustine Wise Polier (1903–1987).[35]
Wise died on April 19, 1949, in New York City, aged 75. He is interred in an unmarkedmausoleum inWestchester Hills Cemetery located inHastings-on-Hudson, New York.
TheStephen Wise Free Synagogue, which he founded in 1907 and served as Rabbi until his death, is named after him,[36] as isStephen S. Wise Temple in Los Angeles, which was founded by Rabbi Isaiah Zeldin in 1964. A street is named after him inJerusalem next to theIsrael Museum, and others inHaifa,Rishon LeZion andPetah Tikvah.
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