Stephen Salter | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1938-12-07)7 December 1938 |
| Died | 23 February 2024(2024-02-23) (aged 85) Edinburgh, Scotland |
| Education | University of Cambridge |
| Known for | •Salter's Duck •Cloud reflectivity enhancement • Wave generation and absorption inwave tanks |
| Awards | MBE,FRSE |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Wave power Engineering Geoengineering Fluid dynamics |
| Institutions | University of Edinburgh |
Professor Stephen Hugh Salter,MBE, FRSE (7 December 1938 – 23 February 2024) was a South African-born Scottish academic who was Emeritus Professor of Engineering Design at theUniversity of Edinburgh[1]and inventor of the eponymousSalter's duckwave energy device.[2][3] Salter was also a proponent ofgeoengineering and was responsible for creating the concept of the mechanical enhancement of clouds to achievecloud reflectivity enhancement.[4]
The wide wave tank at the University of Edinburgh—a novel design and invention by Salter, built in 1977—was the world's first multi-directionalwave tank equipped with absorbing wavemakers.Feedbackcontrol systems on the wavemaking flaps were used for the absorption ofreflected waves, propagating along the water surface of the tank interior towards the 89 flaps.[5][6][7] These force-feedback wave paddles were further developed and commercialised by Edinburgh Designs, and are used in many facilities worldwide. Salter argued in 2001 that to properly test wave and tidal energy devices required a circular combined wave and current basin, which ultimately led to the construction of theFloWave Ocean Energy facility at theUniversity of Edinburgh.[8]
Together with Win Rampen, Salter also played a key role in the development of digital-displacement pump-motors, later manufactured byArtemis Intelligent Power.[8][9] Salter was a Specialist Advisor atwave energy companyAquamarine Power advising on the development of theOyster wave energy converter,[10] however the company ceased trading in 2015.
Salter was "one of the leading voices" of themarine cloud brightening movement.[11] Born inJohannesburg on 7 December 1938,[12] he died in Edinburgh on 23 February 2024, at the age of 85.[13]
While historic references to the power of waves do exist, the modern scientific pursuit ofwave energy was begun in the 1970s by Salter, in response to theoil crisis. His1974 invention became known as Salter's Duck or Nodding Duck, although it was officially referred to as the "Edinburgh Duck". In small scale controlled tests, the Duck's curved cam-like body can stop 90% of wave motion and can convert 90% of that to electricity.[14] According to sworn testimony before the House of Parliament, The UK Wave Energy programme was shut down on 19 March 1982, in a closed meeting.[15][16] An analysis of Salter's Duck resulted in a miscalculation of the estimated cost of energy production by a factor of 10,[17] an error which was only recently identified. Some wave power advocates believe that this error, combined with a general lack of enthusiasm for renewable energy in the 1980s (after oil prices fell), hindered the advancement of wave power technology.[18]
Salter was appointedMember of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the2004 Birthday Honours for services to engineering.[19] In 1991 he was elected as a Fellow of theRoyal Society of Edinburgh.[20] In 2012 he received the Royal Academy of Engineering Sustained Achievement Award.[21] In 2021 he was inducted into theScottish Engineering Hall of Fame.[22]
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