Stephen Craig Paddock[5] (April 9, 1953 – October 1, 2017)[6] was an Americanmass murderer who perpetrated the2017 Las Vegas shooting. Paddock opened fire into a crowd of about 22,000 concertgoers attending acountry music festival on theLas Vegas Strip, killing 60 people[a] and injuring approximately 867 (at least 413 of whom were wounded by gunfire).[7][8] Paddock killed himself in his hotel room following the shooting.[1] The incident is the deadliestmass shooting by a lone shooter in United States history. Paddock's motive remains officially undetermined,[9] and thepossible factors are the subject of speculation.
Paddock was a real-estate investor, property manager, accountant, private pilot andvideo poker gambler who lived inMesquite, Nevada.[10]
Paddock was born on April 9, 1953, inClinton, Iowa,[11][12] where his family lived at the time.[13][14] He was the oldest of four sons ofBenjamin Paddock and Dolores Hudson. Shortly after his birth, his family relocated toTucson, Arizona.[15] Benjamin was a bank robber who was arrested in Arizona in 1960 when Stephen was seven years old.[16] Benjamin was later convicted and escaped prison in 1969, subsequently appearing on theFBI's most-wanted list.[17]
According to Stephen's brother Eric, "he (Benjamin Paddock) was never with my mom"[7] and "we didn't grow up under his influence". After Benjamin was arrested, their mother told the children that their father had died in a car accident and kept his status as a bank robber a secret from the family.[18] Dolores proceeded to move her sons to theSun Valley neighborhood ofLos Angeles, where Stephen spent his remaining childhood and adolescence in a low-income household. Dolores worked as a secretary to support the family. According to one of Paddock's ex-wives in a police interview, he had spoken about how growing up with a single mother and the family's financial instability caused him to prioritize being self-reliant and self-sustaining.[3]
Another one of Stephen's brothers, Patrick Paddock II said that he and his brothers all grew up with anger, but he said he thought Stephen seemed the least affected. “My brother was the most boring one in the family,” Patrick said of Stephen. “He was the least violent one.”[19]Former high school classmates describe the younger Paddock as a "math genius" and "quiet and withdrawn".[20][21]
Relatives said Paddock was worth at leastUS$2million when he sold off the real-estate business.[26][27] Among his most profitable investments was an apartment complex purchased in 2004 which gave him more than $500,000 in annual income by 2011. IRS records show he made $5–6 million in profits from its sale in 2015.[28]
Paddock was an avid gambler,[29] and although the extent to which he profited from it is not clear, his reported gambling winnings might have been substantial.[28][30] He was sometimes seen in high-limit rooms, but he was not well known among high-stakes gamblers in Las Vegas and was not considered a "whale" (high roller) by the casinos.[31] His game of choice wasvideo poker, which he had played for over 25years.[31][32] He usually gambled after dark and slept during the day; he disliked being out in the sun.[33]
Paddock was married and divorced twice and had no children. He was first married from 1977 to 1979 and for the second time from 1985 to 1990, both marriages inLos Angeles County, California.[7] Family members say he stayed on good terms with his ex-wives.[20][34]
Paddock's Reno home in June 2019
Paddock lived in Texas and California,[15][35] and then in aretirement community inMelbourne, Florida, from 2013 to 2015.[7] In 2016, he moved from Florida to another retirement home inMesquite, Nevada.[7][36] According to property records he bought a new house in Mesquite in January 2015[37] and sold his two-bedroom home in Melbourne.[26]
Paddock lived in Mesquite with his girlfriend whom he had met several years before inReno, Nevada.[37] According to neighbors, they also lived together in Reno.[35] Many Mesquite residents recalled only seeing him around town; those familiar with Paddock described him as someone who did not speak much and kept a low profile. The local gun owner community never saw him at any of the gun clubs or shooting ranges, including makeshift ones in the nearby desert.[38]
An Australian acquaintance said he met Paddock in the United States and in thePhilippines. He described Paddock as intelligent and methodical. In his account, Paddock said he had won money by applyingalgorithms to gambling on machines. Paddock was conversant ingun laws and in defending his view of theSecond Amendment. The acquaintance considered Paddock a generous man whenever he and his girlfriend visited him.[39]
In 2010, Paddock applied for and received a United States passport.[40] He went on 20cruise ship voyages, visiting several foreign ports including ones inSpain,Italy,Greece,Jordan, and theUnited Arab Emirates. He was accompanied by his girlfriend on nine of them.[41] They went to the Philippines together in 2013 and 2014.[42] During the last year of his life, they traveled on a cruise to the Middle East.[43] Paddock had hispilot's license since at least 2004 and owned two small planes, one being aCirrus SR20 (registration N5343M).[10][44][45][46][47]
Paddock's only recorded interaction with law enforcement was a minor traffic citation years before the shooting, which he settled in court.[48][49] According to court records, Paddock also sued theCosmopolitan of Las Vegas in September2012, saying he "slipped and fell on an obstruction on the floor" and was injured as a result; the lawsuit settled, and was dismissed withprejudice in October2014.[48]
Paddock's girlfriend stated that he did not talk at length about politics and did not belong to any political organizations. In addition, Paddock increasingly complained of being sick and was sensitive to chemical smells.[3]
During his last months, Paddock reportedly often smelled of alcohol in the early morning,[20][50] and he appeared despondent.[20] He was reported to have filled prescriptions for theanti-anxiety drugValium in 2013,[33] in 2016, and finally again in June2017, the latter being four months before the shooting.[51] The chief medical officer of the Las Vegas Recovery Center said the effects of the drug can be magnified by alcohol,[51] as confirmed by Michael First, a clinical psychiatry professor atColumbia University.[51][52][53][54] Paddock's autopsy revealed he was not under the influence of any psychoactive drugs or alcohol at the time of the shooting, though his urine did containbenzodiazepines.[55]
During an interview with localCBS affiliateKLAS-TV,Clark County SheriffJoe Lombardo said Paddock had reportedly been losing "a significant amount of wealth" since September2015, which led to his having "bouts of depression".[56][57][58] According to his girlfriend, she noticed a decline of affection and intimacy towards her from Paddock, who had been romantic at first during their relationship; he attributed it to his declining health.[3]
In March 2023, theFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) released documents that speculated Paddock's motive as discontent over the alleged negative treatment he and other high rollers had been receiving at Las Vegas casinos. However, theLas Vegas Metropolitan Police Department dismissed the report and reiterated their findings that the motive was inconclusive.[59][60]
Paddock's gun purchases spiked significantly between October2016 and September 28, 2017. He purchased over 55firearms, the majority of them rifles, according toBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. He also purchased a number of firearm-related accessories. Prior to that, he purchased approximately 29firearms between 1982 and September2016, mainly handguns and shotguns.[61][62] His girlfriend noticed the increase of firearm-related purchases but believed his interest in guns was just a hobby.[3]
At his suggestion, two weeks before the attack, his girlfriend went to her native country, the Philippines. Paddock bought her a surprise airline ticket and soon after wired her $100,000 to buy a house there.[63] Most of their communication during this time was through email and text message.[3] He was spotted in Las Vegas with another woman, reported by investigators to be a prostitute.[64] It was later confirmed that this woman was not an accomplice nor considered a suspect, and her name has not been released.[65] Two days prior to the shooting, Paddock was recorded by a home surveillance system driving alone to an area fortarget practice located near his home.[66]
On the night of October 1, 2017, starting at 10:05 p.m.,[67] Paddock fired over 1,000rifle rounds from his hotel room, Room 32‑135 at theMandalay Bay Hotel and Casino, onto a large crowd of concertgoers at theRoute 91 Harvest music festival on theLas Vegas Strip, ultimately killing 60 people and wounding 867 others. He then shot and killed himself.[1][2][3][4]
Paddock meticulously planned the attack.[68] On September25, six days before the shooting, he checked into the hotel with 10shooting-range bags and a computer.[62][69]
On September 29, he moved into an additional suite, 32–134, connected to the first one; both rooms overlooked the festival grounds. He stayed in both in the days leading up to the shooting.[62] After Paddock killed himself, the police found 23rifles and one handgun inside his rooms.[70][71] They included fourteen.223-caliberAR-15type rifles, eight.308caliberAR-10type rifles, one .308caliberRuger Americanbolt-action rifle, and one.38caliberSmith & Wesson model342revolver,[72] all "very expensive", according to a law enforcement source.[73] His arsenal included a large quantity of ammunition in specialhigh-capacity magazines holding up to 100 cartridges each.[73][74] Some of the rifles were resting on bipods,[73] and were equipped with high-techtelescopic sights.[75][76] All fourteen AR-15-type rifles were outfitted withbump stocks that make the act of using recoil to assist in pulling the trigger again easier and faster, increasing the weapon's rate of fire.[72][77] Audio recordings of the attack indicated Paddock used these stocks to fire at the crowd in rapid succession.[78][79][80]
At some point during the attack on concertgoers, Paddock – who had placed a webcamera on a service cart outside his room – fired about 35rounds through his door. The shots wounded approaching hotel security guard Jesus Campos. The unarmed Campos had attempted to enter the 32ndfloor first at 9:59pm on an unrelated matter but he found the door to the hallway screwed shut by Paddock.[3][72][81] At 10:05pm, Paddock began firing hundreds of rounds in rapid succession at the crowd below. He initially started off with a few single gunshots before firing in prolonged bursts. He stopped shooting ten minutes later at 10:15pm.[69][82] It is speculated that at that time Paddock committed suicide, shooting himself through the mouth.[61]
According to the chronology of events established by the authorities in the following days, the first two police officers reached the 32nd floor of the hotel at 10:17pm. A minute later, they were shown the location of Paddock's door. Between 10:26 and 10:30pm, an additional eight LVMPD officers joined them and began clearing other suites along the 32ndfloor hallway. At 10:55pm, eightSWAT team members entered the 32nd floor through the second stairwell nearest to Paddock's suite.[83] Once all the other rooms on the floor had been cleared, at 11:20pm — more than an hour after the first two officers arrived[84][85] and 65minutes after Paddock had ceased firing—police breached his door with an explosive charge and entered the room.[83] Paddock was found dead from a self-inflicted gunshot to the head.[86][87]
In addition to the firearms and accessories found in Paddock's hotel room, there was a note that included handwritten calculations about where he needed to aim to maximize his accuracy.[88][89] The note contained the actual distance to the target, his own elevation and the bullet trajectory relative to the line of fire.[90] There were also several laptops in the suite, one of which was missing ahard drive.[58]Computer forensics discovered hundreds of images ofchild pornography on the laptops. Paddock's brother, Bruce Paddock, was arrested in Los Angeles in October in an unrelated child pornography investigation[91][92] (referred to as "Daniel Paddock" in other sources).[93]
Ammonium nitrate, often used inimprovised explosive devices, was found in the trunk of his car along with 1,600 rounds of ammunition and 50 pounds (23 kilograms) ofTannerite, abinary explosive used to make explosive targets for gun ranges.[68][94] However, investigators clarified that while Paddock had "nefarious intent" with the material, he did not appear to have assembled an explosive device.[95][96] An additional 19 firearms were found at his home.[61]
Over the weekend following the shooting, Paddock'sReno home was broken into via the front door by an unknown perpetrator. Authorities stated nothing was known to have been taken, and confirmed that the FBI was revisiting his homes.[97]
According to police, Paddock acted alone. Hismotive remains unknown.[98][99][100][101] There has been some discussion around brain pathology initially thought to be benign as a possible contributor.[102][103] Paddock's remains were sent toStanford University to receive a more extensive analysis of his brain.[104] The Stanford pathologists found no abnormalities present within the brain.[105]
Investigators believe he was obsessed with cleanliness and possibly hadbipolar disorder. Although a doctor did offer himantidepressants, he only accepted anxiety medication and it was reported that he was fearful of medication and often refused to take it.[62][106] The doctor also described Paddock as "odd" and showing "little emotion". Psychologistsex post facto have noted a distinct similarity between Paddock's demeanor and the psychological constructalexithymia,[107] which might have modulated his decision to conduct the shooting given its association with various mass murderers throughout history.[108][109][110]
TheIslamic State (IS) claimed responsibility for the shooting, saying that Paddock had converted to Islam six months prior to the terrorist attack,[111] and had renamed himself Abu Abdul Barr al-Amriki,[112][113] but United States law enforcement officials have given no evidence of a connection between Paddock and IS.[43] According to hisCatholic girlfriend, Paddock described himself as anatheist and often said "your God doesn't love me."[114][115]
Stephen Paddock and the shooting were covered in the "One October: Massacre on the Strip" episode ofLies, Crime & Videos.[116] A title card at the beginning of the episode states that some of the over 22,000 hours of video covered in the episode is being shown for the first time.
In rapperEminem's song titled "Darkness" on his January 2020 albumMusic to Be Murdered By, the song and the accompanying music video portrays Stephen Paddock's thought process before the shooting while also serving as a metaphor for Eminem's nervousness before a concert performance.[117][118]
A four-part Emmy-nominated documentary miniseries about the shooting,11 Minutes, was released byParamount+ in September 2022.[119][120]
^58 people died at the scene or in hospitals soon afterwards. A female survivor who died from complications of her injuries on November 15, 2019, was officially declared as a fatality in the shooting in August2020. Another female survivor also died from gunshot wound complications on May 26, 2020, and was reported as a fatality in the shooting in September. The Las Vegas police updated the official death toll from 58 to 60 on October 1, 2020, the third anniversary of the shooting.
^Higgins, Tucker (October 6, 2017)."Las Vegas gunman earned millions as a gambler: NBC".CNBC.Archived from the original on October 8, 2017. RetrievedOctober 8, 2017.Paddock 'earned at least $5 million in 2015' the NBC said,' according to IRS summary earnings records.
^abcFonrouge, Gabrielle; Celona, Larry; Fears, Danika (October 3, 2017)."The 'tricked out' guns Las Vegas shooter used in massacre".The New York Post.Archived from the original on October 4, 2017. RetrievedOctober 3, 2017.Paddock's AR-15 rifle had a forward front grip ... high-powered weapons included a .308 caliber AR-10 rifle and an AK-47 type rifle — as well as four Daniel Defense DDM4 rifles, three FN-15s and other rifles made by Sig Sauer and Lewis Machine & Tool, all very expensiveAlso in:Horton, Alex; Barrett, Devlin (October 3, 2017)."The Las Vegas shooter modified a dozen rifles to shoot like automatic weapons".The Washington Post.Archived from the original on October 3, 2017. RetrievedOctober 3, 2017.High number of firearms found at the hotel suggest a concern for overheating rifle barrels.Also in:"Room 32‑135: Stephen Paddock had 23 guns, purchased legally, in his Las Vegas suite".NationalPost. National Post Wire Services. October 3, 2017. RetrievedOctober 3, 2017.Investigators found 23 guns in his hotel room and 19 more at his home in Mesquite ... The arsenal in his hotel room included: 4 DDM4 rifles, 3 FN-15 rifles, one handgun, one AK-47 and one Colt AR-15, all legally acquired.
