TheStepan Bandera monument in Lviv, which stands in front of the Stele of Ukraine Monument, is a statue dedicated to nationalist leader,Stepan Bandera, a far-right leader of theOUN-B and a Ukrainian symbol of nationalism,[1] in the city ofLviv, one of the main cities ofWestern Ukraine.
The figure stands in front of theStele of Ukrainian Statehood. The monument was unveiled in 2007,[2][3][4] for the eve of the holiday of theIntercession of the Theotokos.
Bandera was a Ukrainian nationalist leader born in 1909, imprisoned inPoland in his twenties for terrorism, freed by theNazis in 1939 following theinvasion of Poland, and arrested again by theGestapo in 1941, spending most of the rest of the war in aconcentration camp. After the war, he settled in exile inWest Germany, where he was assassinated in 1959 byKGB agents.
Stepan Bandera has also been cast as aNazi collaborator.[6][7][8][9] However, many Ukrainians hail him as a national hero[6][10] or as a martyred liberation fighter.[11]
The history of Stepan Bandera is hard to separate from fact or fiction.[12] It was illegal to discuss or research Bandera and the OUN-B in the Russia, Poland, and Ukraine until the fall of Soviet Union.[13] A constant tension defining Bandera as a hero and villain has existed since 1944[14] but has increased with lead up to war in Ukraine.[15]
The monument stands 7 meters tall. Behind it is the Stele of Ukrainian Statehood—a 30-meter-tall (98 ft) triumphal arch with 4 columns, each column symbolizing a different period of the Ukrainian statehood. The first one—Kievan Rus', the second—theCossack Hetmanate, the third—theUkrainian People's Republic, and the fourth—the modern, independent Ukraine.[2]
Planning for the project began in 1993.[16] Funding of the statue was provided by Lviv Oblast[17] and veterans of theUPA.[18] Due to a shortage of funds only the statue was revealed for the 65th Anniversary.[19]
A design competition was held in 2002 and sculptor Mykola Posikira and architect Mykhailo Fedyk won from a total of seven entries.[20] Construction began in 2003.[21]
Stepan Bandera is seen as a hero to some and a Nazi collaborator to others.[22][23][24][25] Much of this controversy emerged after the fall of theSoviet Union and increasedUkrainian Nationalism as part of Independence and growing tension before theRussia's invasion of Ukraine.[26] Stepan Bandera as National symbol became prominent in Western Ukraine[27] while Russian media drew connections to historical ties the UPA and OUN-B had with Nazi Germany.[28]
^Henryk Komański and Szczepan Siekierka,Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na Polakach w województwie tarnopolskim w latach 1939–1946 (2006), p. 203 (in Polish)
^Bechtel, D (2015). "8 Religion, State, Society, and Identity in Transition".'Ukrainian Identity in L'viv (Lemberg/Lwów/Lvov): From the Habsburg Myth to Banderstadt?'.
^abFiltenborg, Emil (2021-03-19)."In Ukraine, Stepan Bandera's legacy is a political football... again".Euronews.Archived from the original on 2022-03-03. Retrieved2022-10-29.There are few figures in Ukrainian history as controversial as Stepan Bandera, and fewer still are able to influence so profoundly modern politics more than six decades after their death. Bandera, who died in 1959 after being poisoned by Soviet agents, is seen as a national hero who fought for Ukrainian independence during the 1930s and 1940s. To others, he is a war criminal whose nationalist forces carried out atrocities against Jews and Poles during WW2.
^abWinstone, Martin (2014-10-30).The Dark Heart of Hitler's Europe: Nazi Rule in Poland Under the General Government. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 104.ISBN978-0-85772-519-6.Archived from the original on 2023-03-13. Retrieved2023-03-13... who followed the terrorist Stepan Bandera (page 104) .. These hopes were almost immediately dashed and many leaders (including Bandera in Krakow) were arrested by the Germans. Nonetheless, both wings of the OUN largely continued to work with the Nazis (page 104) .. Stepan Bandera, the leader and ideological mentor of the nationalist murderers of Poles and Jews (page 249)
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The monument in 2010