 National Security Agency surveillance |
|---|
 Map of global NSA data collection as of 2007[update], with countries subject to the most data collection shown in red |
Programs Pre-1978 Since 1978 Since 1990 Since 1998 Since 2001
Since 2007 Databases, tools etc. GCHQ collaboration |
"Stellar Wind" (or "Stellarwind"[citation needed]) was thecode name of a warrantless surveillance program begun under theGeorge W. Bush administration'sPresident's Surveillance Program (PSP).[1] TheNational Security Agency (NSA) program was approved byPresident Bush shortly after theSeptember 11, 2001 attacks and was revealed byThomas Tamm toThe New York Times in 2004.[2][3] Stellar Wind was a prelude to new legal structures that allowed President Bush and PresidentBarack Obama to reproduce each of those programs and expand their reach.[4]
The program's activities involveddata mining of a large database of the communications of American citizens, including e-mail communications, telephone conversations, financial transactions, and Internet activity.[3]William Binney, a retired technical leader with the NSA, discussed some of the architectural and operational elements of the program at the2012 Chaos Communication Congress.[5]
The intelligence community also was able to obtain from theU.S. Treasury Department suspicious activity reports, or "SARS", which are reports of activities such as large cash transactions that are submitted by financial institutions under anti-money laundering rules.[3]
There were internal disputes within theU.S. Justice Department about the legality of the program, because data is collected for large numbers of people, not just the subjects ofForeign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) warrants.[6][7] During the Bush administration, the Stellar Wind cases were referred to by FBI agents as "pizza cases" because many seemingly suspicious cases turned out to be food takeout orders. According to then-FBI DirectorRobert Mueller, approximately 99% of the cases led nowhere, but "it's that other 1% that we've got to be concerned about".[2]
From a report by theinspectors general of six US intelligence agencies that was declassified in September 2015, it became clear that President Bush had originally authorized the collection of telephone and e-mailmetadata only if one end of the communications was foreign or when there was a link to terrorism. But in 2004, the Justice Department discovered that the NSA was apparently also collecting the metadata of purely domestic communications, after which President Bush declared that NSA had always been allowed to do so, but that analysts were only allowed to look at metadata related to terrorism. With this revised formulation, Bush reauthorized the program on March 11, 2004.[8]
In 2004, the head of theOffice of Legal Counsel (OLC),Jack Landman Goldsmith, wrote at least two legal memos authorizing the program, "We conclude only that when the nation has been thrust into an armed conflict by a foreign attack on the United States and the president determines in his role as commander in chief ... that it is essential for defense against a further foreign attack to use thewiretapping capabilities of the National Security Agency within the United States, he has inherent constitutional authority" to order warrantless wiretapping—"an authority that Congress cannot curtail", Goldsmith wrote in a 108-page memo dated May 6, 2004. In March 2004, the OLC concluded the e-mail program was not legal.[9]
In March 2012,Wired magazine published "The NSA Is Building the Country's Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say)" talking about a vast newNSA facility in Utah and said, "For the first time, a former NSA official has gone on the record to describe the program, codenamed Stellarwind, in detail", naming the official William Binney, a former NSA code breaker. Binney went on to say that the NSA had highly secured rooms that tap into major switches, and satellite communications at both AT&T and Verizon.[10] The article suggested that the supposedly-terminated Stellar Wind continues as an active program. This conclusion was supported by the exposure ofRoom 641A in AT&T's operations center in San Francisco in 2006.[11]
In June 2013,The Washington Post andThe Guardian published an Office of the Inspector General (OIG) draft report, dated March 2009, leaked byEdward Snowden detailing the Stellar Wind program.[1][12] No doubt remained about the continuing nature of the surveillance program.
In September 2014,The New York Times asserted, "Questions persist after the release of a newly declassified version of a legal memo approving the National Security Agency's Stellarwind program, a set of warrantless surveillance and data collection activities secretly authorized after theterrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001." as an introductory headline summary with a link. The accompanying article addressed the release of a newly declassified version of the May 2004 memo.[13][14][15] Note was made that the bulk of the program—the telephone, Internet, and e-mail surveillance of American citizens—remained secret until the revelations byEdward Snowden, that to date, significant portions of the memo remain redacted in the newly released version, and that doubts and questions about its legality persist.[14][15]
