Republic of Stellaland (1882–1883) Republiek Stellaland United States of Stellaland (1883–1885) Verenigde Staten van Stellaland | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1882–1885 | |||||||||||
| Motto: Gewapend en Regtvaardig Dutch: Armed and just(ified) | |||||||||||
 Location of Stellaland in Southern Africa (1882–1885) | |||||||||||
| Status | Boer Republic ZAR protectorate (1884) | ||||||||||
| Capital | Vrijburg (Vryburg) | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Dutch Tswana | ||||||||||
| Religion | Dutch Reformed Dutch Reformed dissenters Badimo | ||||||||||
| Administrator | |||||||||||
• Stellaland | Gerrit Jacobus van Niekerk | ||||||||||
• Goshen (1882–1883) | Nicolaas Claudius Gey van Pittius | ||||||||||
| Legislature | Die Bestuur | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
• Founding of Stellaland | 26 July 1882 | ||||||||||
• Founding ofGoshen | October 1882 | ||||||||||
• Unification | 1883 | ||||||||||
• Annexation (ZAR) | 10 September 1884 | ||||||||||
• Invasion (British) | December 1884 | ||||||||||
• Abolished | August 1885 | ||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||
| Stellaland[1] | 15,500 km2 (6,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||
| Goshen[1] | 10,400 km2 (4,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||
• Stellaland[1] | 20,500 | ||||||||||
• Goshen[1] | 17,000 | ||||||||||
| Currency | South African pound (£) | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today part of | South Africa | ||||||||||
TheRepublic of Stellaland (Dutch:Republiek Stellaland) was, from 1882 to 1883, aBoer republic located in an area ofBritish Bechuanaland (now in South Africa'sNorth West Province), west of theTransvaal. After unification with the neighbouringState of Goshen, it became theUnited States of Stellaland (Dutch:Verenigde Staten van Stellaland) from 1883 to 1885.
During its short history, the small state became a focal point for conflict between theUnited Kingdom and theSouth African Republic, the two major players vying for control of the territory. After a series of claims and annexations, British fears of Boer expansionism led to its demise and, among other factors, set the stage for theSecond Boer War.
Before the proclamation of the republic, the area was under the control of competingKorana andTswana groups, while theUnited Kingdom laid claim to it as a part of the emerging protectorate ofBritish Bechuanaland. Two of the indigenous groups were under the leadership of chiefsMankoroane andMontšioa, whom the British regarded as "friendly,"[2] and two others under the leadership of chiefs Moshette (a Motswana) and Massouw (a Korana). When a feud erupted between Mankoroane and another chief, each side resorted to recruiting volunteers, promising them land in return for their assistance. After a settlement was negotiated with mediation from theTransvaal Republic,[3] large portions of Mankoroane's land with 416 farms of 3,000morgen (2,563 ha) each were given toBoer mercenaries who had fought on his adversary's side, and the new inhabitants decided to declare independence.[4]
The Republic of Stellaland was created on 26 July 1882, under the leadership of its elected president Gerrit Jacobus van Niekerk, a farmer from Transvaal,[3] and was given the nameStellaland (Star Land) in reference to acomet that was visible in the skies at the time.[3][4] The town ofVryburg was founded and declared its capital. At its founding, the new country covered an area of 15,500 km2 (5,985 sq mi) and was home to an estimated population of 20,500 individuals, 3,000 of whom were of European ancestry.[1]
TheState of Goshen, named after the biblicalLand of Goshen, was founded by Nicolaas Claudius Gey van Pittius in October 1882 in the neighbouring area calledRooigrond[4] with the approval of chief Moshette.[5] Goshen had an estimated population of 17,000, of whom approximately 2,000 were of European origin, and covered an area of 10,400 km2 (4,015 sq mi).[1]
In 1883, Stellaland merged with Goshen to form the United States of Stellaland.[6]
Whether or not the independence of any of these states was ever recognised by another country is not clear. In Stellaland's favour, one can point out that theMontevideo convention which formalised the definition of sovereignty in the modern sense would not be signed until 1933, and that the local chiefs approved its existence.[5] On the other hand, several British sources refer to Van Niekerk and his followers as "freebooters"[7][page needed][8] and "marauders".[9] A telegram erroneously sent by SirCharles Warren, military commander forBritish Bechuanaland, to Van Niekerk endorsedCecil Rhodes' settlement in Stellaland.[clarification needed] Only later did Warren realise that his wording could be interpreted as an implicit acknowledgement of Stellaland's legality,[8] and he denied that the message had such implications. In February 1884, Great Britain unilaterally declared the area a Britishprotectorate.[10]
Stellaland's laws and constitution were practically identical to those of theSouth African Republic.[11] It never issued an independent currency, but instead—like all the surrounding states—used theSouth African pound; it did, however, print its own postage stamps beginning in February 1884[12] which are still traded among collectors to the present day.[citation needed]
Because Van Niekerk's government had announced its intention to levy taxes on all trade going through its territory, Cecil Rhodes, founder of theDe Beers diamond company, and the British administration feared a setback for their endeavours in the mining business,[13] because Stellaland lay on one of the main trade routes. It was also presumed that the small country could eventually be incorporated into the neighbouring South African Republic in an effort to circumvent thePretoria Convention of 1881 which called for an end to Boer expansionism.[9]
Rhodes even asserted that the area was of such a crucial nature to the Crown that if the territory held by Stellaland remained under Boer control, British presence "should fall from the position of a paramount state in South Africa to that of a minor state."[14] These fears were fuelled when, on 10 September 1884, PresidentPaul Kruger of Transvaal declared the area to be under the protection of the South African Republic[9] and annexed it six days later.[15] In December 1884 the British sent ina force under Sir Charles Warren, who invaded the country and abolished the republic in August of the following year before it was incorporated intoBritish Bechuanaland.[9]
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