Stealth aircraft are designed to avoid detection using a variety of technologies that reduce reflection/emission ofradar,infrared,[1] visible light,radio frequency (RF) spectrum, and audio, collectively known asstealth technology.[2] TheF-117 Nighthawk was the first operational aircraft explicitly designed around stealth technology. Other examples of stealth aircraft include theB-2 Spirit, theB-21 Raider, theF-22 Raptor,[3] theF-35 Lightning II,[4][5] theChengdu J-20,[6] and theSukhoi Su-57.
While no aircraft is completely invisible to radar, stealth aircraft make it more difficult for conventional radar to detect or track the aircraft effectively,[7] increasing the odds of an aircraft avoiding detection by enemy radar and/or avoiding being successfully targeted byradar guided weapons.[8] Stealth is a combination of passive low observable (LO) features and active emitters such aslow-probability-of-intercept radars, radios and laser designators. These are typically combined with operational measures such as carefully planning mission maneuvers to minimize the aircraft'sradar cross-section, since common hard turns or openingbomb bay doors can more than double an otherwise stealthy aircraft's radar return.[9] Stealth is accomplished by using a complex design philosophy to reduce the ability of an opponent's sensors to detect, track, or attack the stealth aircraft.[10] This philosophy takes into account the heat, sound, and other emissions of the aircraft which can also be used to locate it. Sensors are made to reduce the impact of low observable technologies and others have been proposed such asIRST (infrared search and track) systems to detect even reduced heat emissions,[11] long wavelength radars to counter stealth shaping andRAM focused on shorter wavelength radar,[12] or radar setups with multiple emitters to counter stealth shaping.[13] However these have disadvantages compared to traditional radar against non-stealthy aircraft.
Full-size stealth combat aircraft demonstrators have been flown by the United States (in 1977), Russia (in 2000) and China (in 2011).[14] As of December 2020[update], the only combat-ready stealth aircraft in service are theNorthrop Grumman B-2 Spirit (1997), theLockheed Martin F-22 Raptor (2005), theLockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II (2015),[15][16] theChengdu J-20 (2017),[17] and theSukhoi Su-57 (2020),[18] with a number of other countries developing their own designs. There are also various aircraft with reduced detectability, either unintentionally or as a secondary feature.
In the1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia two stealth aircraft were used by the United States, the veteran F-117 Nighthawk, and the newly introducedB-2 Spirit strategic stealth bomber. The F-117 performed its usual role of striking precision high-value targets and performed well, although one F-117 wasshot down by a SerbianIsayev S-125 'Neva-M' missile brigade commanded by ColonelZoltán Dani.
Besides all the usual demands of flight, the design of a stealth or low-observability aircraft aims to reduce radar and infrared (thermal) detection, including:
The distance at which a target can be detected for a given radar configuration varies with the fourth root of its RCS.[19] Therefore, in order to cut the detection distance to one tenth, the RCS should be reduced by a factor of 10,000.
Rotorcraft introduce a particular design challenge, due not only to their multiple wing surfaces and articulated joints, but also to the constantly-changing relationship of these to the main airframe surfaces. TheBoeing–Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche was one of the first attempts at astealth helicopter.
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Early stealth aircraft were designed with a focus on minimalradar cross section (RCS) rather than aerodynamic performance. Highly stealthy aircraft like the F-117 Nighthawk are aerodynamically unstable in all three axes and require constant flight corrections from afly-by-wire (FBW) flight system to maintain controlled flight.[20] As for theB-2 Spirit, which was based on the development of theflying wing aircraft[21] byJack Northrop in 1940, this design allowed for a stable aircraft with sufficient yaw control, even without vertical surfaces such as rudders.
Earlier stealth aircraft (such as the F-117 and B-2) lackafterburners, because the hot exhaust would increase their infrared footprint, and flying faster than the speed of sound would produce an obvioussonic boom, as well assurface heating of theaircraft skin, which also increases the infrared footprint. As a result, their performance inair combat maneuvering required in adogfight would never match that of a dedicated fighter aircraft. This was unimportant in the case of these two aircraft since both were designed to be bombers. More recent design techniques allow for stealthy designs such as the F-22 without compromising aerodynamic performance. Newer stealth aircraft, like the F-22, F-35 and theSu-57, have performance characteristics that meet or exceed those of current front-line jet fighters due to advances in other technologies such as flight control systems, engines, airframe construction and materials.[3][4]
The high level of computerization and large amount of electronic equipment found inside stealth aircraft are often claimed to make them vulnerable to passive detection. This is highly unlikely and certainly systems such asTamara andKolchuga, which are often described as counter-stealth radars, are not designed to detect stray electromagnetic fields of this type. Such systems are designed to detect intentional, higher power emissions such as radar and communication signals. Stealth aircraft are deliberately operated to avoid or reduce such emissions.[citation needed]
CurrentRadar Warning Receivers look for the regular pings of energy from mechanically swept radars while fifth generation jet fighters useLow Probability of Intercept Radars with no regular repeat pattern.[22]
Stealth aircraft are still vulnerable to detection while and immediately after using their weaponry. Since stealth payload (reduced RCS bombs andcruise missiles) is not yet generally available, andordnance mount points create a significant radar return, stealth aircraft carry all armaments internally. As soon as weapons bay doors are opened, the plane's RCS will be multiplied and even older generation radar systems will be able to locate the stealth aircraft. While the aircraft will reacquire its stealth as soon as the bay doors are closed, a fast response defensive weapons system has a short opportunity to engage the aircraft.
This vulnerability is addressed by operating in a manner that reduces the risk and consequences of temporary acquisition. The B-2's operational altitude imposes a flight time for defensive weapons that makes it virtually impossible to engage the aircraft during its weapons deployment.[citation needed] New stealth aircraft designs such as the F-22 and F-35 can open their bays, release munitions and return to stealthy flight in less than a second.[citation needed]
Some weapons[specify] require that the weapon's guidance system acquire the target while the weapon is still attached to the aircraft. This forces relatively extended operations with the bay doors open.
Such aircraft as theF-22 Raptor andF-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter can also carry additional weapons and fuel onhardpoints below their wings. When operating in this mode the planes will not be nearly as stealthy, as the hardpoints and the weapons mounted on those hardpoints will show up on radar systems. This option therefore represents a trade off between stealth or range and payload. External stores allow those aircraft to attack more targets further away, but will not allow for stealth during that mission as compared to a shorter range mission flying on just internal fuel and using only the more limited space of the internal weapon bays for armaments.
Fully stealth aircraft carry all fuel and armament internally, which limits the payload. By way of comparison, the F-117 carries only two laser- or GPS-guided bombs, while a non-stealth attack aircraft can carry several times more. This requires the deployment of additional aircraft to engage targets that would normally require a single non-stealth attack aircraft. This apparent disadvantage however is offset by the reduction in fewer supporting aircraft that are required to provide air cover, air-defense suppression and electronic counter measures, making stealth aircraft "force multipliers".
Stealth aircraft often have skins made withradiation-absorbent materials (RAMs). Some of these containcarbon black particles, while some containtiny iron spheres. There are many materials used in RAMs, and some are classified, particularly the materials that specific aircraft use.[23]
Stealth aircraft are typically more expensive to develop and manufacture. An example is theB-2 Spirit that is many times more expensive to manufacture and support than conventional bomber aircraft. The B-2 program cost the U.S. Air Force almost $45 billion.[24]
Passive (multistatic) radar,bistatic radar[25] and especiallymultistatic radar systems detect some stealth aircraft better than conventionalmonostatic radars, since first-generation stealth technology (such as the F-117) reflects energy away from the transmitter'sline of sight, effectively increasing theradar cross section (RCS) in other directions, which the passive radars monitor. Such a system typically uses either low frequency broadcast TV and FM radio signals (at which frequencies controlling the aircraft's signature is more difficult).
Researchers at theUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign with support ofDARPA, have shown that it is possible to build asynthetic aperture radar image of an aircraft target using passive multistatic radar, possibly detailed enough to enableautomatic target recognition.[26]
In December 2007,SAAB researchers revealed details for a system called Associative Aperture Synthesis Radar (AASR) that would employ a large array of inexpensive and redundant transmitters and receivers that could detect targets when they directly pass between the receivers/transmitters and create a shadow.[27] The system was originally designed to detect stealthy cruise missiles and should be just as effective against low-flying stealth aircraft. That the array could contain a large amount of inexpensive equipment could potentially offer some "protection" against attacks by expensiveanti-radiation missiles (ARMs).
Some analysts claimInfra-red search and track systems (IRSTs) can be deployed against stealth aircraft, because any aircraft surface heats up due to air friction and with a two channel IRST is a CO2 (4.3 μm absorption maxima) detection possible, through difference comparing between the low and high channel.[28][29] These analysts point to the resurgence in such systems in Russian designs in the 1980s, such as those fitted to theMiG-29 andSu-27. The latest version of the MiG-29, theMiG-35, is equipped with a new Optical Locator System that includes more advanced IRST capabilities. The FrenchRafale, the British/German/Italian/SpanishEurofighter and the SwedishGripen also make extensive use of IRST.
In air combat, the optronic suite allows:
For ground targets, the suite allows:
VHF radar systems havewavelengths comparable to aircraft feature sizes and should exhibitscattering in theresonance region rather than the optical region, allowing most stealth aircraft to be detected. This has promptedNizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Radio Engineering (NNIIRT) to develop VHFAESAs such as the NEBO SVU, which is capable of performingtarget acquisition forSurface-to-air missile batteries. Despite the advantages offered by VHF radar, their longer wavelengths result in poor resolution compared to comparably sizedX band radar array. As a result, these systems must be very large before they can have the resolution for anengagement radar. An example of a ground-based VHF radar with counter-stealth capability is theP-18 radar.
The Dutch companyThales Nederland, formerly known asHolland Signaal, developed a navalphased-array radar calledSMART-L, which is operated atL Band and has counter-stealth. All ships of theRoyal Dutch Navy'sDe Zeven Provinciën class carry, among others, theSMART-L radar.
Over-the-horizon radar is a concept increasing radar's effective range over conventional radar. The Australian JORNJindalee Operational Radar Network can overcome certain stealth characteristics.[30] It is claimed that the HF frequency used and the method of bouncing radar fromionosphere overcomes the stealth characteristics of the F-117A. In other words, stealth aircraft are optimized for defeating much higher-frequency radar from front-on rather than low-frequency radars from above.
DuringWorld War I, the Germans experimented with the use ofCellon (Cellulose acetate), a transparent covering material, in an attempt toreduce the visibility of military aircraft. Single examples of theFokker E.IIIEindecker fightermonoplane, theAlbatros C.I two-seat observationbiplane, and theLinke-Hofmann R.Iprototypeheavy bomber were covered withCellon. However, it proved ineffective, and even counterproductive, as sunlight glinting from the covering made the aircraft even more visible. The material was also found to be quickly degraded both by sunlight and in-flight temperature changes, so the attempt to make transparent aircraft was not proceeded with.[31]
In 1916, the British modified a smallSS class airship for the purpose of night-timeaerial reconnaissance overGerman lines on theWestern Front. Fitted with a silenced engine and a black gas bag, the craft was both invisible and inaudible from the ground, but several night-time flights over German-held territory produced little useful intelligence, and the idea was dropped.[32]
Nearly three decades later, theHorten Ho 229flying wingfighter-bomber was developed inNazi Germany during the last years ofWorld War II. In 1983, its designer Reimar Horten claimed that he planned to add charcoal to the adhesive layers of the plywood skin of the production model to render it invisible to radar.[33] This claim was investigated, as the Ho 229's lack of vertical surfaces, an inherent feature of all flying wing aircraft, is also a key characteristic of all stealth aircraft. Tests were performed in 2008 by theNorthrop Grumman Corporation to establish if the aircraft's shape would have avoided detection by top-endHF-band, 20–30 MHz primary signals of Britain'sChain Homeearly warning radar, if the aircraft was traveling at high speed (approximately 550 mph (890 km/h)) at extremely low altitude – 50–100 feet (15–30 m).[34] The testing did not find any evidence that charcoal was used, and confirmed that it would have been a poor absorber if used, concluding that the Ho 229 did not have stealth characteristics and was never intended to be a stealth aircraft.[35]
Modern stealth aircraft first became possible when Denys Overholser, a mathematician working forLockheed Aircraft during the 1970s, adopted a mathematical model developed byPetr Ufimtsev, a Soviet scientist, to develop a computer program called Echo 1. Echo made it possible to predict the radar signature of an aircraft made with flat panels, called facets. In 1975, engineers at LockheedSkunk Works found that an aircraft made with faceted surfaces could have a very low radar signature because the surfaces would radiate almost all of the radar energy away from the receiver. Under a 1977 contract from DARPA, Lockheed built a proof of concept demonstrator aircraft, theLockheed Have Blue, nicknamed "the Hopeless Diamond", a reference to the famousHope Diamond and the design's shape and predicted instability. Because advanced computers were available to control the flight of an aircraft that was designed for stealth but aerodynamically unstable such as the Have Blue, for the first time designers realized that it might be possible to make an aircraft that was virtually invisible to radar.[36][37] Lockheed soon developed the Have Blue into F-117.[36]
Reduced radar cross section is only one of five factors the designers addressed to create a truly stealthy design such as the F-22. The F-22 has also been designed to disguise its infrared emissions to make it harder to detect byinfrared homing ("heat seeking") surface-to-air or air-to-air missiles.[citation needed] The F-22 puts a focus onair superiority, withsupercruise, high thrust-to-weight ratio, integrated avionics, and of course, stealth.[3]
The first combat use of purpose-designed stealth aircraft was in January 1968, Operation "Prize Crew." Two Lockheed Missiles and Space Company QT-2 (Quiet Thrusters) operated in near silence over South Vietnam at low altitudes at night without running lights. Using handheld night vision scopes, they could locate, observe, identify the enemy, and report on or call in offensive weapons to destroy the enemy. The QT-2PC was followed by the Army-Lockheed YO-3A "Quiet Star.' Nine of the eleven production airplanes were deployed to Vietnam in June 1970. They operated silently at night, without running lights, and were equipped with a 2nd generation Night Vision Aerial Periscope, Laser Target Designator, and Tracking infrared illuminator. In 14 months of operation at 800-1500 ft, no YO-3A ever took a round. They successfully shut down the VC night movement in the Delta. YO-3As were involved in locating and calling in offensive weapons to destroy the largest Russian Trawler entering South Vietnamese waters. Source: www.yo-3a.comArmy-Lockheed YO-3A
December 1989 duringOperation Just Cause inPanama. On 20 December 1989, twoUnited States Air Force F-117s bombed a Panamanian Defense Force barracks in Rio Hato, Panama. In 1991, F-117s were tasked with attacking the most heavily fortified targets inIraq in the opening phase ofOperation Desert Storm and were the only coalition aircraft allowed to operate inside Baghdad's city limits and over its airspace.[38] The F-117 while having sufficient stealth, also had a low visual signature. Even still, if the F-117 was visually acquired, it, like all aircraft, were subject to visual air-to-air interception. This was easily circumvented by flying at night.[39]
The U.S, UK, and Israel are the only countries to have used stealth aircraft in combat.[40][41] These deployments include theUnited States invasion of Panama, thefirst Gulf War, theKosovo Conflict, theWar in Afghanistan, theWar in Iraq and the2011 military intervention in Libya. The first use of stealth aircraft was in the U.S. invasion of Panama, whereF-117 Nighthawk stealth attack aircraft were used to drop bombs on enemy airfields and positions while evading enemy radar.[42]
In 1990 the F-117 Nighthawk was used in the Gulf War, where 42 F-117s flew 1,299 sorties and scored 1,664 direct hits withlaser-guided bombs while not suffering battle damage, while hitting 1,600 high-value targets in Iraq.[43] F-117s flew approximately 168 strikes againstScud-associated targets[44] while accumulating 6,905 flight hours. Only 2.5% of the American aircraft in Iraq were F-117s, yet they struck 40% of the strategic targets, dropping 2,000 tons of precision-guided munitions and striking their targets with an 80% success rate.[45][46] However the F-117 still had flaws; it had to refuel and was defenesless in an enemy attack. All F-117 sorties had to be refueled.[44]
In the1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia two stealth aircraft were used by the United States: the veteran F-117 Nighthawk, and the newly introducedB-2 Spirit strategic stealth bomber. The F-117 performed its usual role of striking precision high-value targets and performed well, although one F-117 wasshot down by a SerbianIsayev S-125 'Neva-M' missile commanded by ColonelZoltán Dani. The then-new B-2 Spirit was highly successful, destroying 33% of all Serbian bombing targets in the first eight weeks of U.S. involvement in the war. During this war, B-2s flew non-stop to Kosovo from their home base in Missouri and back.[47]
In the2003 invasion of Iraq, F-117 Nighthawks and B-2 Spirits were used, and this was the last time the F-117 would see combat. F-117s dropped satellite-guided strike munitions on selected targets, with high success. B-2 Spirits conducted 49 sorties in the invasion, releasing more than 1.5 million pounds of munitions.[47]
During the May 2011operation to kill Osama bin Laden, one of the helicopters used to clandestinely insert U.S. troops into Pakistan crashed in the bin Laden compound. From the wreckage it was revealed this helicopter had stealth characteristics, making this the first publicly known operational use of astealth helicopter.[citation needed]
Stealth aircraft were used in the2011 military intervention in Libya, where B-2 Spirits dropped 40 bombs on a Libyan airfield with concentrated air defenses in support of the UN no-fly zone.[48]
Stealth aircraft will continue to play a valuable role in air combat with the United States using theF-22 Raptor, B-2 Spirit, and theF-35 Lightning II to perform a variety of operations. The F-22 made its combat debut over Syria in September 2014 as part of theUS-led coalition to defeat ISIS.[49]
From February 2018, Su-57s performed the first international flight as they were spotted landing at the RussianKhmeimim Air Base in Syria. These Su-57s were deployed along with four Sukhoi Su-35 fighters, four Sukhoi Su-25s, and one Beriev A-50 AEW&C aircraft.[50] It is believed that at least 4 Su-57 are deployed in Syria[51] and that they have likely been armed with cruise missiles in combat.[52]
In 2018, a report surfaced noting that Israeli F-35I stealth fighters conducted a number of missions in Syria and even infiltrated Iranian airspace without detection.[40] In May 2018, Major GeneralAmikam Norkin of IAF reported that Israeli Air Force F-35I stealth fighters carried out the first-ever F-35 strike in combat over Syria.[41]
ThePeople's Republic of China started flight testing itsChengdu J-20 stealth multirole fighter around in 2011 and made its first public appearance at Airshow China 2016. The aircraft entered service with thePeople's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) in March 2017.[53][54][55] Another fifth-generation stealth multirole fighter from China, theShenyang FC-31 is also under flight testing.[56]
| Type | Country | Class | Role | Date | Status | No. | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Airbus Wingman | European Union | UCAV | Fighter | 2024 | Project | 0 | Germany, Spain[57] | |
| Airbus LOUT | Germany | UAV | Experimental | 2019 | Project | 0 | Low Observable UAV Testbed[58] | |
| Airbus Sagitta | Germany | UAV | Experimental | 2017 | Prototype | 1 | ||
| BAE Systems Corax | United Kingdom | UAV | Experimental | 2004 | Prototype | |||
| BAE Systems Replica | United Kingdom | 1999 | Project | |||||
| BAE Systems Taranis | United Kingdom | UCAV | Attack | 2013 | Prototype | |||
| BAE Systems Tempest | United Kingdom | Supersonic | Fighter | Project | UK contribution to the Global Combat Air Programme (qv). | |||
| Baykar Bayraktar Kızılelma | Turkey | UCAV | 2022 | Prototype | 3 | |||
| Bell 360 Invictus | United States | Rotorcraft | Experimental | 2019 | Prototype | |||
| Boeing Bird of Prey | United States | Subsonic | Experimental | 1996 | Prototype | |||
| Boeing F-47 |
| Supersonic jet | Fighter | Prototype | ||||
| Boeing Model 853-21 Quiet Bird | United States | Subsonic | Reconnaissance | Project | Developed from Model 853. | |||
| Boeing MQ-25 Stingray | United States | UAV | Experimental | 2019 | Prototype | |||
| Boeing MQ-28 Ghost Bat | Australia | UCAV | FighterAI &loyal wingman[59] | 2019 | Production | 8[60] | ||
| Boeing X-32 | United States | Supersonic jet | Fighter | 2000 | Prototype | 2 | ||
| Boeing X-45 | United States | UCAV | Experimental | 2002 | Prototype | |||
| Boeing–Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche | United States | Rotorcraft | Attack | 1996 | Prototype | 2 | ||
| Chengdu J-20 | China | Supersonic jet | Fighter | 2011 | Production | 210+ | ||
| Chengdu J-36 | China | Supersonic jet | Fighter | 2024 | Production | 1 | ||
| Chengdu WZ-10 | China | UAV | 2014 | Production | ||||
| Dassault nEUROn | European Union | UCAV | Attack | 2012 | Prototype | France, Greece, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland | ||
| DRDO Ghatak | India | UCAV | Project | |||||
| DRDO SWiFT | India | UCAV | Experimental | 2022 | Prototype | |||
| EADS Mako/HEAT | International | Supersonic | Attack | Project | ||||
| Eurocopter EC-665 Tiger | European Union | Rotorcraft | Attack | 2003 | Production | 180 | France, Germany, Spain | |
| FCAS (New Generation Fighter) | European Union | Supersonic jet | Fighter | Project | France, Germany & Spain (within FCAS) | |||
| Flygsystem 2020 | Sweden | Supersonic | Fighter | Project | ||||
| Global Combat Air Programme | International | Supersonic | Fighter | Project | Merger of UK (BAE Systems Tempest), Japan (Mitsubishi F-X) & Italy | |||
| HAL AMCA | India | Supersonic | Fighter | Project | ||||
| HAL Prachand | India | Rotorcraft | Attack | 2022 | Production | 171 | ||
| Hongdu GJ-11 | China | UCAV | ||||||
| KAI KF-21 Boramae | International | Supersonic | Fighter | 2022 | Prototype | 6 | South Korea and Indonesia | |
| Kratos XQ-58 Valkyrie | United States | UCAV | Experimental | |||||
| Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk | United States | Subsonic | Attack | 1981 | Production | 64 | ||
| Lockheed Have Blue | United States | Subsonic | Experimental | 1977 | Prototype | 2 | Developed intoF-117 | |
| Lockheed SR-71 | United States | Supersonic | Reconnaissance | 1964 | Production | 32 | ||
| Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor | United States | Supersonic | Fighter | 1996 | Production | 195 | ||
| Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II | United States | Supersonic | Fighter | 2006 | Production | 1000+ | A-variantCTOL, B-variantV/STOL, C-variantCATOBAR | |
| Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel | United States | UAV | Production | 20-30 | ||||
| Lockheed Martin X-35 | United States | Supersonic | Fighter | 2000 | Prototype | 2 | ||
| Lockheed Martin X-44 MANTA | United States | Jet | Fighter | 2000 | Project | |||
| MBB Lampyridae MRMF | Germany | Jet | Fighter | 1987 | Project | |||
| McDonnell Douglas X-36 | United States | Subsonic | Experimental | 1997 | Prototype | 1 | No vertical tail. | |
| McDonnell Douglas A-12 Avenger II | United States | Subsonic | Bomber | Project | ||||
| MH-X Stealthhawk | United States | Rotorcraft | Utility | Top-secret | [61] | |||
| Mikoyan Skat | Russia | UCAV | Attack | Project | ||||
| Mikoyan Project 1.44 | Russia | Supersonic | Fighter | 2000 | Prototype | 1 | Initially developt for theMFI project. | |
| Mikoyan LMFS | Russia | Supersonic | Fighter | Cancelled | ||||
| Mikoyan PAK DP | Russia | Supersonic | Fighter | Project | ||||
| Mitsubishi X-2 Shinshin | Japan | Supersonic | Experimental | 2016 | Prototype | 1 | ||
| NGAD (F/A-XX) | United States | Supersonic | Fighter | Project | Navy´sNGAD programme. To replace Navy´sF/A-18E/F Super Hornets. | |||
| NGAD (Penetrating Counter-Air (PCA)) | United States | Supersonic | Fighter | Project | To replaceUSAF´sF-22 Raptors. | |||
| Northrop Tacit Blue | United States | Subsonic | Experimental | 1982 | Prototype | 1 | ||
| Northrop YF-23 | United States | Supersonic | Fighter | 1990 | Prototype | 2 | ||
| Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit | United States | Subsonic | Bomber | 1989 | Production | 21 | ||
| Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider | United States | Subsonic | Bomber | 2023 | Production | 3+ | ||
| Northrop Grumman RQ-180 | United States | UAV | Production | |||||
| Northrop Grumman X-47A Pegasus | United States | UCAV | Experimental | 2003 | Prototype | |||
| Northrop Grumman X-47B | United States | UCAV | Experimental | 2003 | Prototype | 2 | ||
| Ryan AQM-91 Firefly | United States | UAV | Experimental | |||||
| Saab KFS | Sweden | Supersonic | Fighter | 2023 | Prototype | Konceptet Framtidens Stridsflyg[62] | ||
| UAV | Fighter | |||||||
| Shenyang J-35 | China | Supersonic | Fighter | 2012 | ||||
| Shenyang J-50 | China | Supersonic | Fighter | 2024 | ||||
| Sukhoi Okhotnik | Russia | UCAV | Experimental | Prototype | 2[63] | Non-stealthy circular exhaust[63] | ||
| Sukhoi Su-57 | Russia | Supersonic | Fighter | 2010 | Production | 21+ | ||
| Sukhoi Su-75 Checkmate | Russia | Supersonic | Stealth Multirole Fighter | 2024 | Project | |||
| TAI Anka-3 | Turkey | UCAV | 2023 | Prototype | 2 | |||
| TAI Kaan | Turkey | Supersonic | Fighter | 2024 | Prototype | 1 | ||
| Tupolev PAK DA | Russia | Subsonic | Bomber | Project | ||||
| Windecker YE-5 | United States | Tractor | Experimental | 1973 | Prototype | 1 | Stealth research, not fully stealthy. | |
| Xian H-20 | China | Subsonic | Bomber | Project | ||||
| Yakovlev Yak-201 | Russia | Supersonic | Fighter | Project | VTOL |
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