While in use since the 1850s, the termstatism gained significant usage inAmerican political discourse throughout the 1930s and 1940s. Opposition to statism is termedanti-statism oranarchism. The latter is usually characterized by a complete rejection of allhierarchical rulership.[5]
Political theory has long questioned the nature andrights of the state. Some forms ofcorporatism extol the moral position that the corporate group, usually the state, is greater than the sum of its parts and that individuals have a moral obligation to serve the state. Skepticism towards statism inWestern cultures is largely rooted inEnlightenment philosophy.John Locke notably influenced modern thinking in his writings published before and after theEnglish Revolution of 1688, especiallyA Letter Concerning Toleration (1667),Two Treatises of Government (1689) andAn Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690). In the text of 1689, he established the basis ofliberal political theory, i.e., that people's rights existed before government; that the purpose of government is to protect personal and property rights; that people may dissolve governments that do not do so; and that representative government is the best form to protect rights.[12]
State capitalism is a form of capitalism that features high concentrations of state-owned commercial enterprises or state direction of an economy based on the accumulation of capital, wage labor and market allocation. In some cases, state capitalism refers to economic policies such asdirigisme, which existed inFrance during the second half of the 20th century and to the present-day economies of thePeople's Republic of China andSingapore, where the government owns controlling shares inpublicly traded companies.[14] Some authors also define the former economies of theEastern Bloc andSoviet Union as constituting a form of state capitalism.
State corporatism, corporate statism or simply "corporatism" is a political culture and a form of corporatism whose proposers affirm or believe that corporate groups should form the basis of society and the state. This principle requires that all citizens belong to one of the various officially designated interest groups (usually on the basis of the economic sector), the state also has great control over its citizens.
The term statism is sometimes used to refer tomarket economies with large amounts of government intervention, regulation or influence over markets. Market economies that feature high degrees of intervention are sometimes referred to as "mixed economies".Economic interventionism asserts that the state has a legitimate or necessary role within the framework of acapitalist economy by intervening in markets, regulating against overreaches ofprivate sector industry and either providing or subsidizing goods and services not adequately produced by the market.
State socialism broadly refers to forms ofsocialism based onstate ownership of the means of production and state-directed allocation of resources. It is often used in reference toSoviet-type economic systems of formercommunist states and, by extension, those ofNorth Korea,Cuba, and thePeople's Republic of China. Politically, state socialism is often used to designate any socialist political ideology or movement that advocates for the use of state power for the construction of socialism, or to the belief that the state must be appropriated and used to ensure the success of asocialist revolution. It is usually used in reference toMarxist–Leninist socialists who champion aone-party state. Critics of state socialism argue that its known manifestations in Soviet-model states are merely forms ofstate capitalism,[15] claiming that the Soviet model of economics was based upon a process of state-directedcapital accumulation and social hierarchy.[16]
State nationalism, state-based nationalism, or state-led nationalism[17] is a nationalism that equates 'state identity' with 'nation identity' or values state authority. 'State nationalism' is considered a form of 'civic nationalism' and there are similarities between the two,[18][19][20] One example of state nationalism is thePeople's Republic of Mongolia underYumjaagiin Tsedenbal.[21] State nationalism also has to do with illiberal,authoritarian andtotalitarian politics;Italian fascism is the best example, epitomized in this slogan ofBenito Mussolini: "Tutto nello Stato, niente al di fuori dello Stato, nulla contro lo Stato" ("Everything in the State, nothing outside the State, nothing against the State").[clarification needed]
State feminism is afeminism permitted by the state or led by thenation state. State feminism is distinguished between liberal state feminism (represented by theNordic model) and authoritarian state feminism (that is often also linked to state-ledsecularism).
^Jones, R. J. Barry (2001). "Statism".Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy. Vol. 3 (1st ed.). New York City, New York:Taylor & Francis.
^Musacchio, Aldo (2012).Leviathan in Business: Varieties of State Capitalism and Their Implications for Economic Performance.
^Michie, Jonathan (January 1, 2001).Reader's Guide to the Social Sciences.Routledge. p. 1595.ISBN978-1579580919.State capitalism has inconsistently been used as a synonym for 'state socialism', although neither phrase has a stable denotation.
^Badie, Bertrand;Berg-Schlosser, Dirk;Morlino, Leonardo, eds. (2011).International Encyclopedia of Political Science.SAGE Publications. p. 2459.ISBN978-1412959636.The repressive state apparatus is in fact acting as an instrument of state capitalism to carry out the process of capital accumulation through forcible extraction of surplus from the working class and peasantry.
^Liu Li; Fan Hong (14 July 2017).The National Games and National Identity in China. Taylor & Francis. p. 4.
^abMohammad Ateeque.Identity Conscience Nationalism and Internationalism. Educreation Publishing. p. 52.
^Jacob T. Levy (2000).The Multiculturalism of Fear. OUP Oxford. p. 87.
^abJ. C. Chatturvedi (2005).Political Governance: Political theory. Isha Books. p. 75.
^Myers, Brian Reynolds (December 28, 2016)."Still the Unloved Republic".Sthele Press. RetrievedJune 26, 2019.... Someone who is asked by a pollster whether he is prouder of the Taehan minguk or of the minjok therefore knows which answer is better, more progressive-sounding. In all likelihood he is not prouder of the republic than of his Koreanness. One should be wary of polls on this issue that were not conducted precisely and clearly.
^Baogang He (8 July 2015).Governing Taiwan and Tibet: Democratic Approaches. Edinburgh University Press. p. 81.
^Hankwon Kim (2022).Cultural and State Nationalism: South Korean and Japanese Relations with China. American University.
^Jonathan Unger (26 September 2016).Chinese Nationalism. Taylor & Francis.
^abThomas R.H. Havens (March 8, 2015).Farm and Nation in Modern Japan: Agrarian Nationalism, 1870-1940. Princeton University Press. p. 319.
^Cengiz Gunes (2020).The Political Representation of Kurds in Turkey: New Actors and Modes of Participation in a Changing Society. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 6.
Block, Walter (2007). "Anarchism and Minarchism; No Rapprochement Possible: Reply to Tibor Machan".The Journal of Libertarian Studies.21 (1):61–90.ISSN0363-2873.
Obadare, Ebenezer (2010).Statism, Youth, and Civic Imagination: A Critical Study of the National Youth Service Corps Programme in Nigeria. Dakar, Senegal: Codesria.ISBN978-2-86978-303-4.
Parker, Martin (2010).The Dictionary of Alternatives Utopianism and Organisation. London, England:Zed Books.ISBN978-1-84972-734-1.
Schapiro, Leonard (1972).Totalitarianism. New York City, New York: Praeger.
