If is the total of the forces acting on the system, is the mass of the system and is the acceleration of the system,Newton's second law states that (the bold font indicates avector quantity, i.e. one with bothmagnitude anddirection). If, then. As for a system in static equilibrium, the acceleration equals zero, the system is either at rest, or itscenter of mass moves at constantvelocity.
The application of the assumption of zero acceleration to the summation ofmoments acting on the system leads to, where is the summation of all moments acting on the system, is the moment of inertia of the mass and is the angular acceleration of the system. For a system where, it is also true that
Together, the equations (the 'first condition for equilibrium') and (the 'second condition for equilibrium') can be used to solve for unknown quantities acting on the system.
Force is the action of one body on another. A force is either a push or a pull, and it tends to move a body in the direction of its action. The action of a force is characterized by its magnitude, by the direction of its action, and by itspoint of application (orpoint of contact). Thus, force is a vector quantity, because its effect depends on the direction as well as on the magnitude of the action.[4]
Forces are classified as either contact or body forces. Acontact force is produced by direct physical contact; an example is the force exerted on a body by a supporting surface. Abody force is generated by virtue of the position of a body within aforce field such as a gravitational, electric, or magnetic field and is independent of contact with any other body; an example of a body force is the weight of a body in the Earth's gravitational field.[5]
In addition to the tendency to move a body in the direction of its application, a force can also tend to rotate a body about an axis. The axis may be any line which neither intersects nor is parallel to theline of action of the force. This rotational tendency is known asmoment of force (M). Moment is also referred to astorque.
The magnitude of the moment of a force at a pointO, is equal to the perpendicular distance fromO to the line of action ofF, multiplied by the magnitude of the force:M =F ·d, where
F = the force applied
d = the perpendicular distance from the axis to the line of action of the force. This perpendicular distance is called the moment arm.
The direction of the moment is given by the right hand rule, where counter clockwise (CCW) is out of the page, and clockwise (CW) is into the page. The moment direction may be accounted for by using a stated sign convention, such as a plus sign (+) for counterclockwise moments and a minus sign (−) for clockwise moments, or vice versa. Moments can be added together as vectors.
In vector format, the moment can be defined as thecross product between the radius vector,r (the vector from point O to the line of action), and the force vector,F:[6]
Varignon's theorem states that the moment of a force about any point is equal to the sum of the moments of the components of the force about the same point.
Thestatic equilibrium of a particle is an important concept in statics. A particle is in equilibrium only if the resultant of all forces acting on the particle is equal to zero. In a rectangular coordinate system the equilibrium equations can be represented by three scalar equations, where the sums of forces in all three directions are equal to zero. Anengineering application of this concept is determining the tensions of up to three cables under load, for example the forces exerted on each cable of a hoist lifting an object or ofguy wires restraining ahot air balloon to the ground.[7]
In classical mechanics,moment of inertia, also called mass moment, rotational inertia, polar moment of inertia of mass, or the angular mass, (SI units kg·m²) is a measure of an object's resistance to changes to its rotation. It is the inertia of a rotating body with respect to its rotation. The moment of inertia plays much the same role in rotational dynamics as mass does in linear dynamics, describing the relationship between angular momentum and angular velocity, torque and angular acceleration, and several other quantities. The symbols I and J are usually used to refer to the moment of inertia or polar moment of inertia.
While a simple scalar treatment of the moment of inertia suffices for many situations, a more advanced tensor treatment allows the analysis of such complicated systems as spinning tops and gyroscopic motion.
The concept was introduced byLeonhard Euler in his 1765 bookTheoria motus corporum solidorum seu rigidorum; he discussed the moment of inertia and many related concepts, such as the principal axis of inertia.
Statics is used in the analysis of structures, for instance inarchitectural andstructural engineering.Strength of materials is a related field of mechanics that relies heavily on the application of static equilibrium. A key concept is thecenter of gravity of a body at rest: it represents an imaginary point at which all themass of a body resides. The position of the point relative to thefoundations on which a body lies determines itsstability in response to external forces. If the center of gravity exists outside the foundations, then the body is unstable because there is a torque acting: any small disturbance will cause the body to fall or topple. If the center of gravity exists within the foundations, the body is stable since no net torque acts on the body. If the center of gravity coincides with the foundations, then the body is said to bemetastable.
Hydrostatics, also known asfluid statics, is the study of fluids at rest (i.e. in static equilibrium). The characteristic of any fluid at rest is that the force exerted on any particle of the fluid is the same at all points at the same depth (or altitude) within the fluid. If the net force is greater than zero the fluid will move in the direction of the resulting force. This concept was first formulated in a slightly extended form byFrenchmathematician andphilosopherBlaise Pascal in 1647 and became known asPascal's Law. It has many important applications inhydraulics.Archimedes,Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī,Al-Khazini[8] andGalileo Galilei were also major figures in the development of hydrostatics.
^Beer, Ferdinand (2004).Vector Statics For Engineers. McGraw Hill.ISBN0-07-121830-0.
^Mariam Rozhanskaya and I. S. Levinova (1996), "Statics", p. 642, in (Morelon & Rashed 1996, pp. 614–642):
"Using a whole body of mathematical methods (not only those inherited from the antique theory of ratios and infinitesimal techniques, but also the methods of the contemporary algebra and fine calculation techniques), Arabic scientists raised statics to a new, higher level. The classical results of Archimedes in the theory of the centre of gravity were generalized and applied to three-dimensional bodies, the theory of ponderable lever was founded and the 'science of gravity' was created and later further developed in medieval Europe. The phenomena of statics were studied by using the dynamic approach so that two trends - statics and dynamics - turned out to be inter-related within a single science, mechanics. The combination of the dynamic approach with Archimedean hydrostatics gave birth to a direction in science which may be called medieval hydrodynamics. [...] Numerous experimental methods were developed for determining the specific weight, which were based, in particular, on the theory of balances and weighing. The classical works of al-Biruni and al-Khazini may be considered the beginning of the application of experimental methods inmedieval science."
