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Asynchronous serial communication is a form ofserial communication in which the communicating endpoints' interfaces are not continuously synchronized by a common clock signal. Instead of a common synchronization signal, the data stream contains synchronization information in form of start and stop signals, before and after each unit of transmission, respectively. The start signal prepares the receiver for arrival of data and thestop signal resets its state to enable triggering of a new sequence.
A common kind of start-stop transmission isASCII overRS-232, for example for use inteletypewriter operation.
Mechanicalteleprinters using 5-bit codes (seeBaudot code) typically used a stop period of 1.5 bit times.[1] Very early electromechanical teletypewriters (pre-1930) could require 2 stop bits to allow mechanical impression without buffering.[citation needed] Hardware which does not support fractional stop bits can communicate with a device that uses 1.5 bit times if it is configured to send 2 stop bits when transmitting and requiring 1 stop bit when receiving.
The format is derived directly from the design of theteletypewriter, which was designed this way because the electromechanical technology of its day was not precise enough[citation needed] forsynchronous operation: thus the systems needed to be re-synchronized at the start of each character. Having been re-synchronized, the technology of the day was good enough to preserve bit-sync for the remainder of the character. The stop bits gave the system time to recover before the next start bit. Early teleprinter systems used five data bits, typically with some variant of theBaudot code.
Very early experimental printing telegraph devices used only a start bit and required manual adjustment of the receiver mechanism speed to reliably decode characters. Automatic synchronization was required to keep the transmitting and receiving units "in step". This was finally achieved by Howard Krum, who patented the start-stop method of synchronization (US 1199011 , granted September 19, 1916, thenUS 1286351 , granted December 3, 1918). Shortly afterward a practicalteleprinter was patented (US 1232045 , granted July 3, 1917).
Before signaling will work, the sender and receiver must agree on the signaling parameters:
Asynchronous start-stop signaling was widely used for dial-upmodem access totime-sharing computers andBBS systems. These systems used either seven or eight data bits, transmittedleast-significant bit first, in accordance with theASCII standard.
Between computers, the most common configuration used was "8N1": eight-bit characters, with one start bit, one stop bit, and no parity bit. Thus 10 Baud times are used to send a single character, and so dividing the signaling bit-rate by ten results in the overall transmission speed in characters per second.
Asynchronous start-stop is the lowerdata-link layer used to connect computers to modems for many dial-up Internet access applications, using a second (encapsulating) data link framing protocol such asPPP to create packets made up out of asynchronous serial characters. The most common physical layer interface used is RS-232D. The performance loss relative to synchronous access is negligible, as most modern modems will use a private synchronous protocol to send the data between themselves, and the asynchronous links at each end are operated faster than this data link, withflow control being used to throttle the data rate to prevent overrun.
Programming:Serial Data Communications at Wikibooks