Star Trek: Planet of the Titans, also known asStar Trek: Planet of Titans, is an unproduced film based onStar Trek, which reached the script and design phases of pre-production. Following the success ofStar Trek inbroadcast syndication during the early 1970s and the popularity of the series atscience-fiction conventions,Paramount Studios made several attempts to produce a feature film based upon the series. In 1975,Star Trek: The God Thing was proposed by franchise creatorGene Roddenberry but was not picked up by the studio.

The following year, pre-production began again on a film with a treatment and subsequent script calledPlanet of the Titans, produced by British writing teamChris Bryant andAllan Scott, with the intention of keeping costs down by filming in the United Kingdom. There were difficulties in ensuring that bothWilliam Shatner andLeonard Nimoy would sign to the film, as Shatner's deal with Paramount had expired, and Nimoy was concerned with unauthorized use of his image on merchandising.Philip Kaufman was signed to direct, after several other filmmakers were approached. The plot would have seen the crew investigating the homeworld of the mythicalTitans. In escaping through ablack hole, the crew is hurled into the prehistoric past where they teachearly man how tomake fire.

After their script was rejected, Bryant and Scott quit, and Kaufman created a new script treatment, but it too was rejected, and the project was killed on May 8, 1977, some two weeks before the release ofStar Wars. Various reasons have been cited for the cancellation, including regime change at Paramount, and that executives thought they had missed their window due toStar Wars' imminent release, believing science fiction fans would not pay to see two such films. Paramount immediately changed course and launched a plan to takeStar Trek back to television via a new network asStar Trek: Phase II.

Following the cancellation ofStar Trek: The Original Series onNBC in 1969, there were several attempts, influenced by the success of the series inbroadcast syndication and from the attendance of fans at conventions, to transfer the series into a film. By March 1972, Roddenberry said that there was interest in aStar Trek feature film and that there was even potential for returning the series to NBC.^[1]

In May 1975, Roddenberry entered into a development deal withParamount Pictures to develop a film based onStar Trek.Principal photography was intended to start on July 15, 1976, but was later pushed back to 1977. It was given the initial title ofStar Trek: The God Thing and had a budget of $5 million.^[2] Roddenberry's plot would have reunited the crew of theEnterprise and sent to faceGod, who was threatening Earth. Paramount Studios Chief executive officerBarry Diller ended the development deal in August 1975, although Roddenberry was allowed to keep his office at the studio. Roddenberry pursued the project and invited several others to submit story and script ideas, including his personal assistantJon Povill, as well as writersRobert Silverberg,John D. F. Black andHarlan Ellison.^[2][3] Ellison's treatment featured the crew forced to travel back in time to prevent a reptilian race from wiping out humanity at the "dawn of time". He met with Paramount executives, including Barry Trabulus, who recently readChariots of the Gods? (1968) byErich von Däniken and wanted theMaya civilization to be featured in the film. Ellison and Trabulus disagreed, and Ellison left the meeting refusing to have anything more to do with the film.^[4][5]

In the original treatment byChris Bryant andAllan Scott, the USSEnterprise investigates the disappearance of the USSDaVinci. Upon arriving at the last known location, they find no other ship, but CaptainJames T. Kirk is struck by electromagnetic waves and leaves theEnterprise in ashuttlecraft. He pilots it out into space and disappears. Three years pass and theEnterprise returns to the area under Captain Gregory Westlake, after picking upSpock, who had retired fromStarfleet and returned toVulcan. The crew discovers a previously hidden planet at the location where Kirk vanished. They believe it to be the planet of theTitans, a mythical and powerful alien race. However, the planet is being drawn into ablack hole. TheKlingons also want to claim the planet. Spock travels to the surface and finds Kirk, who has been living on the planet for three years. Together, they discover the planet is inhabited by the Cygnans, who destroyed the Titans. The planet and theEnterprise enter the black hole, with the Cygnans being destroyed in the process. The ship emerges in orbit of Earth during thePaleolithic era, and the crew teach early man tomake fire, in effect playing the role ofPrometheus the Titan themselves,^[6] similar to the alien influence on human ancestors in2001: A Space Odyssey (1968).^[7]Planet of the Titans also explored the concept of thethird eye,^[8] and was later compared to the appearance of the Greek Gods in the original series episode "Who Mourns for Adonais?".^[9]

After Bryant and Scott departed the project, directorPhilip Kaufman tried to rewrite the story, with the resulting treatment heavily inspired byOlaf Stapledon's booksLast and First Men (1930) andStar Maker (1937). He later described this version as being "less 'cult-ish' and more of an adult movie, dealing with sexuality and wonders rather than oddness".^[10] He intended this version to feature Spock facing off against a main Klingon enemy, intended by Kaufman to be played by Japanese actorToshiro Mifune. Kaufman explained that it would have featured the two undergoing apsychedelic experience, and summed it up by saying, "I'm sure the fans would have been upset, but I felt it could really open up a new type of science fiction."^[10] While Povill had felt that Bryant and Scott's treatment was unsuccessful, he thought that Kaufman's was worse.^[6]

Francis Ford Coppola,Steven Spielberg,George Lucas, andRobert Wise were all asked to directPlanet of the Titans.

Planet of the Titans was expected to be filmed in the United Kingdom in order to keep production costs low. In July 1976, Jerry Isenberg was assigned to be executive producer of the new film, and the British writing team of Bryant and Scott were hired in September.^[3] The duo had no science fiction writing experience, but had written the filmsDon't Look Now (1973) andJoseph Andrews (1977).^[5] Roddenberry defended the hiring of the pair, saying "I'm very excited about some of the ideas they've come up with. The concept that only a science fiction writer can write science fiction motion pictures is ridiculous. Look at me. I came up withStar Trek, and I was a dramatic writer. I wrote for TV."^[4] Bryant believed he earned the screenwriting assignment because his view of Kirk resembled what Roddenberry modeled him on; "one ofHoratio Nelson's captains in the South Pacific, six months away from home and three months away by communication".^[11] Their 20-page treatment was submitted the following month.^[8] It was entitledPlanet of the Titans and was received favourably by Diller and fellow executiveMichael Eisner.^[6] The writers were told by Paramount to proceed to script on October 6.^[3]

Jon Povill wrote up a list of possible directors for the project, which includedFrancis Ford Coppola,Steven Spielberg,George Lucas andRobert Wise, but all were busy at the time or unwilling to work with a $7.5 million budget.^[3][12] Although his agent did not expect him to do it,^[4]Philip Kaufman signed on to direct. Roddenberry introduced him to the series by showing him ten episodes, including those he felt were the most representative and popular of the series: "The City on the Edge of Forever", "The Devil in the Dark", "Amok Time", "Journey to Babel", "Shore Leave", "The Trouble with Tribbles", "The Enemy Within", "The Corbomite Maneuver", "This Side of Paradise" and "A Piece of the Action".^[13] On signing, Kaufman was pleased to directStar Trek. He discussed it with Lucas, and said that he "felt he could go through the roof".^[5]NASA employeeJesco von Puttkamer was hired as an advisor on the film.^[4]

There were issues with casting the film. Paramount Studios' deal withWilliam Shatner had ended and so the first draft of the film did not feature Captain Kirk. He was later added as a new contract was signed.^[3] However,Leonard Nimoy dropped out of the film^[5] because he was concerned over potential merchandising after his likeness as Spock was used in aHeineken advertisement without either his permission or an arrangement for royalties. He had refused to speak publicly about the issue, but Shatner explained it in an interview. The situation was eventually resolved and Nimoy signed on to appear inPlanet of the Titans.^[6]

Early work was promising and by the fall of 1976 the project was building momentum. Fans organized a mail campaign that flooded the White House with 400,000 letters, influencing PresidentGerald Ford to rechristen theSpace ShuttleConstitution toEnterprise.^[13] Bryant and Scott's proposal became the first accepted by the studio in October; Roddenberry immediately stopped work on other projects to refocus onStar Trek, and the screenwriters and producers were swamped with grateful fan mail. By the start of 1977, the project's official title was changed toStar Trek—The Motion Picture (a title reapplied to the eventually released 1979 film). The elation was short-lived; the first draft of the completed script was not finished until March 1, 1977, and pressure was mounting for Paramount to either begin production or cut its losses and cancel the project. Producer Jerry Isenberg began scouting filming locations and hired designers and illustrators to complement the script.^[14]

Ken Adam, an Academy Award–winningproduction designer, was hired to design the film.^[3] Adam did a number of concept renderings of various settings, including a geometric chamber where Spock would have a vision of his own death, a giant crystalline "space brain", variousEnterprise interiors, including a hangar deck and an "open" saucer interior with tubes connecting various platforms – a design concept he later executed for the space station interior in theJames Bond filmMoonraker (1979). He also sketched exterior configurations for the starship which was to be refitted after nearly being destroyed by a black hole in the opening scenes.

Adam then hired conceptual designerRalph McQuarrie,^[15] who had recently worked on designs forStar Wars.^[10] McQuarrie worked with Adam in London for six weeks doing various "blue sky" concepts because "there was no script". McQuarrie's renderings of theEnterprise have been compared to those for theStar WarsStar Destroyer,^[3] but much of the design can be traced to Adam's sketches. His concepts include images of theEnterprise saucer module separated from the rest of the vessel (later associated with the Enterprise-D in the TNG era), an element which had been mentioned inThe Original Series but never seen on screen.^{[note 1]} Other McQuarrie works included various interiors and exteriors of theEnterprise, shuttlecraft concepts, planetary landing facilities, and an inhabited asteroid featuring aspace dock.^[10][15] McQuarrie later went on to work on designs forStar Trek IV: The Voyage Home.^[17]

Crude study models of at least two of theEnterprise concepts were constructed, and these were utilized as background elements in shots of later productions, including in the spacedock inStar Trek III: The Search for Spock, as a shipwreck in theStar Trek: The Next Generation episode "The Best of Both Worlds", and as part of areserve fleet inThe Next Generation episode "Unification".^[18] One of theseEnterprise concepts would later be the basis for theUSSDiscovery, the television seriesStar Trek: Discovery. Show runnerBryan Fuller confirmed that it was the basis of the new ship initially, but added that it was "to a point that we can’t legally comment on it until [our legal team] figures out some things".^[19]

Bryant and Scott turned in their script on March 1, 1977.^[7] It was rejected by Paramount and they departed the project in April 1977 because they found that Kaufman's and Roddenberry's ideas for the film repeatedly conflicted.^[7][8][20] They later said they were disappointed as they felt it had been "absolutely a 'go' picture" and that "It was just one of those deals that happens at studios from time to time that fell down the middle."^[6]Jeffrey Katzenberg informed the director on May 8 that the film was cancelled; it had an increased budget of $10 million at the time.^[7][8][21] This was some three weeks prior to the release ofStar Wars.^[8] Several explanations for the cancellation have been put forth. One claims the studio felt that the production had taken too long and another science fiction film would not be successful so soon afterStar Wars because the fans would not pay to see two science fiction films.^[7][22] Kaufmann later claimed that Paramount had attributed the cancellation to the success ofStar Wars at the box office, but asTitans was cancelled prior toStar Wars being released, the box office could not have played a factor. Diller stated that it was cancelled because both treatments felt forced and different from the episodes ofThe Original Series. He instead suggested that they returned to the series format and therefore move forward with a project that would become the never-completed television seriesStar Trek: Phase II.^[22] Kaufman went on to direct films such asInvasion of the Body Snatchers (1978) andThe Right Stuff (1983).^[4] Although the film was never made, it was later discussed by critics and writers. David Hughes included it in his bookThe Greatest Science Fiction Movies Never Made (2008) in the chapter about the plannedStar Trek films of the 1970s.^[8]

• Dillard, J. M. (1994).Star Trek: "Where No One Has Gone Before"—A History in Pictures. New York: Pocket Books.ISBN 0-671-51149-1.
• Gross, Edward;Altman, Mark A. (1993).Captain's Logs: The Complete Trek Voyages. London: Boxtree.ISBN 978-1-85283-899-7.OCLC 30028098.
• Hughes, David (2008).The Greatest Science Fiction Movies Never Made. London: Titan Books.ISBN 978-1-84576-755-6.
• McQuarrie, Ralph; Stice, Same; Scoleri, John David (2007).The Art of Ralph McQuarrie. Santa Clara, CA: Dreams & Visions Press.ISBN 978-0979158001.
• Reeves-Stevens, Judith;Reeves-Stevens, Garfield (1997).Star Trek: Phase II: The Lost Series (2nd ed.). New York: Pocket Books.ISBN 978-0671568399.
• Reeves-Stevens, Judith; Reeves-Stevens, Garfield (1998).Star Trek: The Next Generation: The Continuing Mission (2nd ed.). New York: Pocket Books.ISBN 978-0671025595.
• Sackett, Susan; Roddenberry, Gene (1980).The Making of Star Trek: The Motion Picture. New York: Pocket Books.ISBN 0-671-25181-3.

• Star Trek: Planet of the Titans atMemory Alpha

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