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Stapes

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bone of the middle ear

Stapes
Frontal view ofstapes (A), and view from below (B).
Details
Pronunciation/ˈstpz/
PrecursorSecondbranchial arch
Part ofMiddle ear
SystemAuditory system
ArticulationsIncudostapedial joint
Identifiers
Latin'stapes'
MeSHD013199
TA98A15.3.02.033
TA2895
FMA52751
Anatomical terms of bone
This article is one of a series documenting the anatomy of the
Human ear

Thestapes orstirrup is abone in themiddle ear of humans and other tetrapods which is involved in the conduction of sound vibrations to theinner ear. This bone is connected to theoval window by itsannular ligament, which allows the footplate (or base) to transmit sound energy through theoval window into the inner ear. Thestapes is the smallest and lightest bone in thehuman body, and is so-called because of its resemblance to astirrup (Latin:Stapes).

Structure

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See also:Ossicles
The size of thestapes, compared with a 10-centeuro coin.

Thestapes is the third bone of the threeossicles in themiddle ear and the smallest in the human body. It measures roughly2 to 3 mm, greater along the head-base span.[1] It rests on theoval window, to which it is connected by anannular ligament and articulates with theincus, or anvil through theincudostapedial joint.[2] They are connected by anterior and posterior limbs (Latin:crura).[3]: 862 

Development

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Thestapes develops from the secondpharyngeal arch during the sixth to eighth week ofembryological life. The central cavity of thestapes, theobturator foramen, is due to the presence embryologically of thestapedial artery, which usually regresses in humans during normal development.[2][4]

Animals

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See also:Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles

Thestapes is one of three ossicles in mammals. In non-mammaliantetrapods, the bonehomologous to thestapes is usually called thecolumella; however, inreptiles, either term may be used. In fish, the homologous bone is called thehyomandibular, and is part of thegill arch supporting either thespiracle or the jaw, depending on the species. The equivalent term inamphibians is thepars media plectra.[2][5]: 481–482 

Variation

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Thestapes appears to be relatively constant in size in different ethnic groups.[6] In 0.01–0.02% of people, the stapedial artery does not regress, and persists in the central foramen.[7] In this case, a pulsatile sound may be heard in the affected ear, or there may be no symptoms at all.[8] Rarely, thestapes may be completely absent.[9][10]: 262 

Function

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Main article:Hearing

Situated between the incus and the inner ear, thestapes transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the oval window, a membrane-covered opening to the inner ear. Thestapes is also stabilized by thestapedius muscle, which is innervated by thefacial nerve.[3]: 861–863 

Clinical relevance

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Otosclerosis is a congenital or spontaneous-onset disease characterized by abnormalbone remodeling in the inner ear. Often this causes thestapes to adhere to the oval window, which impedes its ability to conduct sound, and is a cause ofconductive hearing loss. Clinical otosclerosis is found in about 1% of people, although it is more common in forms that do not cause noticeable hearing loss. Otosclerosis is more likely in young age groups, and females.[11] Two common treatments arestapedectomy, the surgical removal of thestapes and replacement with an artificial prosthesis, andstapedotomy, the creation of a small hole in the base of thestapes followed by the insertion of an artificial prosthesis into that hole.[12]: 661  Surgery may be complicated by apersistent stapedial artery,fibrosis-related damage to the base of the bone, or obliterative otosclerosis, resulting in obliteration of the base.[7][10]: 254–262 

History

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Thestapes, as first described byGiovanni Filippo Ingrassia(Labeled M, bottom right).

Thestapes is commonly described as having been discovered by the professorGiovanni Filippo Ingrassia in 1546 at theUniversity of Naples,[13] although this remains the nature of some controversy, as Ingrassia's description was published posthumously in his 1603 anatomical commentaryIn Galeni librum de ossibus doctissima et expectatissima commentaria. Spanish anatomistPedro Jimeno is first to have been credited with a published description, inDialogus de re medica (1549).[14] The bone is so-named because of its resemblance to a stirrup (Latin:stapes), an example of alate Latin word, probably created inmediaeval times from "to stand" (Latin:stapia), as stirrups did not exist in the early Latin-speaking world.[15]

References

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  1. ^Àwengen, D. F.; Nishihara, S.; Kurokawa, H.; Goode, R. L. (April 1995). "Measurements of the stapes superstructure".The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology.104 (4 Pt 1):311–6.doi:10.1177/000348949510400411.PMID 7717624.S2CID 43418740.
  2. ^abcChapman, S. C. (January 1, 2011)."Can you hear me now? Understanding vertebrate middle ear development".Frontiers in Bioscience.16 (5):1675–92.doi:10.2741/3813.PMC 3065862.PMID 21196256.
  3. ^abDrake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W. M. Mitchell (2005).Gray's Anatomy for Students. Illustrations by Richard Tibbitts and Paul Richardson. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone.ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0.
  4. ^Rodriguez-Vazquez, J. F. (August 2005)."Development of the stapes and associated structures in human embryos".Journal of Anatomy.207 (2):165–173.doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00441.x.PMC 1571512.PMID 16050903.
  5. ^Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S (1977).The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Holt-Saunders International.ISBN 978-0-03-910284-5.
  6. ^Arensburg, B.; Harell, M.; Nathan, H. (February 1981). "The human middle ear ossicles: Morphometry, and taxonomic implications".Journal of Human Evolution.10 (2):199–205.Bibcode:1981JHumE..10..199A.doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(81)80018-8.
  7. ^abMutlu, C.; da Costa, S. S.; Paparella, MM; Schachern, Pennsylvania (1998). "Clinical-histopathological correlations of pitfalls in middle ear surgery".European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology.255 (4):189–194.doi:10.1007/s004050050041.PMID 9592676.S2CID 25682582.
  8. ^Silbergleit, R.; Quint, D. J.; Mehta, B. A.; Patel, S. C.; Metes, J. J.; Noujaim, S. E. (Mar 2000)."The persistent stapedial artery".American Journal of Neuroradiology.21 (3):572–577.PMC 8174972.PMID 10730654.
  9. ^Reiber, M.; Schwaber, M. (February 1997). "Congenital absence of stapes and facial nerve dehiscence".Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery.116 (2): 278.doi:10.1016/S0194-5998(97)70343-7.PMID 9051082.S2CID 33351053.
  10. ^abTympanoplasty, Mastoidectomy, and Stapes Surgery. Georg Thieme Verlag. 2008.ISBN 978-1-282-86537-2.
  11. ^Menger, D. J.; Tange, R. A. (April 2003)."The aetiology of otosclerosis: a review of the literature".Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences.28 (2):112–120.doi:10.1046/j.1365-2273.2003.00675.x.PMID 12680829.
  12. ^Hall, John E.; Guyton, Arthur C. (2005).Textbook of medical physiology (11th ed.). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.ISBN 978-0-7216-0240-0.
  13. ^Dispenza, F.; Cappello, F.; Kulamarva, G.; De Stefano, A. (October 2013)."The discovery of stapes".Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica.33 (5):357–359.PMC 3825043.PMID 24227905.
  14. ^Mudry, Albert (April 2013). "Disputes Surrounding the Discovery of the Stapes in the Mid 16th Century".Otology & Neurotology.34 (3):588–592.doi:10.1097/MAO.0b013e31827d8abc.PMID 23370557.S2CID 30466939.
  15. ^Harper, Douglas."Stapes (n.)".Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved27 December 2013.

External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toStapes.
This article usesanatomical terminology.
Anatomy ofhearing andbalance
Outer ear
Middle ear
Tympanic cavity
Ossicles
Auditory tube /
Eustachian tube
Inner ear
Labyrinths
Auditory system
General
Cochlear duct /
scala media
Vestibular system
Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Axial skeleton
Skull
Neurocranium
Face
Ear
Thorax
Vertebral column
Appendicular
Shoulder
Arm
Hand
Pelvis
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