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Astanitsa orstanitza (/stəˈniːtsə/stə-NEET-sə;Russian:станица[stɐˈnʲitsə]ⓘ), also spelledstanycia (Ukrainian:станиця[stɐˈnɪtsʲɐ]) orstanica (Belarusian:станіца[staˈnʲitsa]), was a historical administrative unit of aCossack host, a type ofCossack polity that existed in theRussian Empire.
The Russian word is thediminutive of the wordstan (стан), which means "station" or "police district". It is distantly related to theSanskrit wordsthāna (स्थान), which means "station", "locality", or "district".[1]
The stanitsa was a unit of economic and political organisation of theCossack peoples who lived in theRussian Empire. Each stanitsa contained several villages andkhutirs.[2]
An assembly of landowners governed each stanitsa community. This assembly distributed land, oversaw institutions like schools, and elected a stanitsa administration and court. The stanitsa administration consisted of anAtaman, a collection of legislators, and atreasurer.[2] The stanitsa court made judgements regarding "petty criminal and civil suits".[2]
All inhabitants, except for non-Cossacks, were considered members of the stanitsa. Non-Cossacks were required to pay a fee to use the local land owned by the stanitsa.[2]
The stanitsa was first an administrative unit in the 18th century.[2] In the late 18th century, when the Cossack peoples largely lost their autonomy within the empire, they still kept self-governance at the level of the stanitsa;[3] each stanitsa was still allowed to elect its own assembly.[4]
In the aftermath of the 1917October Revolution in Russia, a newSoviet regime took power. Beginning in 1919, the Soviet regime pursued a policy ofgenocide[5][6][7][8][9] and systematic repression against Cossacks known asDe-Cossackization. The policy aimed at the elimination of the Cossacks as a distinct collectivity by exterminating the Cossack elite, coercing all other Cossacks into compliance and eliminating Cossack distinctness.[10] As part of this policy, the Soviet forces sought to erase Cossack administrative structures, especially of the Don Cossacks.[11] The purpose of this was to "deny Cossacks any Don structure as a point of identification and to 'dilute' the Cossack population by appending portions of neighboring non-Cossack provinces".[12] This included distinctly Cossack names for administrative units, as the Cossacks were fond of these names "as markers of their distinctiveness from peasants." The Soviets sought to erase these identities.[13] On 20 April 1919, theRed Army'sSouthern Front issued an order renaming the stanitsas to genericvolosts, or counties. Localrevolutionary committees assisted in this, passing resolutions in parallel to destroy the stanitsa as a social unit.[14] TheInternet Encyclopedia of Ukraine lists the specific end date of the existence of the traditional stanitsa as 1920.[2]
Later in the Soviet Union, the termstanitsa was used after 1929 to refer to rural settlements on former Cossack land that were governed bysoviet councils.[2]
In modernRussia, the administration classifies a stanitsa as a type ofrural locality in thesefederal subjects of Russia:[15]
The most populous stanitsa in modern Russia isKanevskaya in Krasnodar Krai (44,800 people in 2005). Formerly, the most populous stanitsa was Ordzhonikidzevskaya inIngushetia (61,598 people in 2010), but in 2016 it was reorganized into the townSunzha.[15] The townStanytsia Luhanska inUkraine, originally founded by Cossacks, still hasstanytsia in its name.[16]
In the late eighteenth century the Cossacks lost their former autonomy. [...] However the Cossacks retained self-government on the village (stanitsa) level.
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