Stanisław Staszic | |
|---|---|
  Stanisław Staszic | |
| Born | (1755-11-06)6 November 1755 |
| Died | 20 January 1826(1826-01-20) (aged 70) |
| Occupations | Philosopher, educator and writer |
| Philosophical work | |
| Era | Age of Enlightenment |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| School | |
Stanisław Wawrzyniec Staszic[staˈɲiswaf ˈstaʂit͡s] (baptised 6 November 1755 – 20 January 1826) was a Polish philosopher and writer. A leading figure in thePolish Enlightenment, he was also a Catholic priest, geologist, poet,translator andstatesman. Aphysiocrat,monist,pan-Slavist (after 1815) andlaissez-fairist, he supported many reforms in Poland. He is particularly remembered for his political writings during the "Great (Four-Year) Sejm" (1788–92) and for his large support towards theConstitution of 3 May 1791, adopted by that Sejm.
He co-founded theWarsaw Society of Friends of Learning (precursor to thePolish Academy of Sciences), of which he became president. He served as a member of theState Council of theDuchy of Warsaw and as minister of trade and industry inCongress Poland. Staszic is seen as the father of Polish geology, statistics, sociology,Tatra Mountains studies and exploration, mining and industry.[clarification needed]
Stanisław Staszic was born into aburgher family in the town ofPiła (he was baptised on 6 November 1755), the youngest of four siblings.[1] His father,Wawrzyniec Staszic, was mayor of Piła and a royal secretary.[1] His brothers were Antoni (1743–1775) and Andrzej (1745–1825), a priest.[1]
Staszic attended secondary school atWałcz. He studiedtheology and graduated from aJesuit school atPoznań in 1778 and wasordained a Catholic priest (he took lesserHoly orders in 1774, and higher orders about 1778–79).[1] Between 1779 and 1781 he continued his studies in France at theCollège de France, where he took classes in physics andnatural history.[2]
On returning to Poland in 1781, he accepted a position as tutor in the house ofGrand Crown ChancellorAndrzej Zamoyski.[2] In 1782 he received a doctorate from theZamojski Academy.[2] He translated several works from French into Polish and briefly worked at the academy as a teacher of French language.[2]
HisRemarks upon the Life ofJan Zamoyski (Uwagi nad życiem Jana Zamoyskiego, 1787), published anonymously on the eve of theGreat Sejm, transformed the little-known tutor into one of the chief political thinkers of the late 18th-century Commonwealth.[3] It became a model for other similar works[2] and began a flood of political books and pamphlets unprecedented in the Commonwealth's history.[3] It was reprinted numerous times, including in unauthorized editions.[2]
Within hisRemarks, Staszic did not portray the life of Jan Zamoyski (1542–1605, one of the most prominent statesmen in Polish history[4]); rather, he argued that reforms are needed, and that Zamoyski had already proposed or supported many of them two centuries before.[3] Staszic was a strong partisan of reforms and an ardent advocate for the interests of the lower classes.[3] He advocated the abolition of theserfdom and improvements of the peasants' fate (by granting them land and private rights).[3] He criticised theszlachta (Polish nobility) forinefficient governance, and argued that it showed itself too inept to be allowed to govern alone.[3][5] He argued for a slight increase in taxes, which should allow the Commonwealth to create an army of 100,000 that would at least stand a chance against the still-larger armies of its neighbours.[3] Although he preferredrepublicanism in theory, in the Commonwealth context he agreed that a strengthening of the central (royal) power was the most practical solution for reforming the country, in line with the similar developments elsewhere in Europe.[3][5] InRemarks he even supported the introduction of anabsolute monarchy in Poland.[6]
Staszic was a keen observer of the proceedings of the Great Sejm, spending much time in Warsaw since the Sejm began its deliberations in 1788.[7] He continued publishing new books and pamphlets.[7] HisWarnings for Poland, coming from the current European politics and natural laws, by the writer of the remarks upon the life of Jan Zamoyski (Przestrogi dla Polski z teraźniejszych politycznych Europy związków i z praw natury wypadające przez pisarza uwag nad życiem Jana Zamoyskiego, 1790), together with his previousRemarks, are considered among the most influential works of the Polish Enlightenment.[7] InWarnings, he criticised themagnates of Poland and Lithuania,monastic orders and serfdom, and supported the enfranchisement of the townsfolk.[6] Although he was not a participant of the Sejm, he was an influential onlooker, and through his widely read and discussed writings of the time is recognized as one of the founding fathers of theConstitution of 3 May 1791.[8][9][10]
During 1790–1791 he accompanied Zamoyski's family on a trip abroad, and continued to serve as an adviser to the family, although his relations with the sons (Aleksander August Zamoyski,Stanisław Kostka Zamoyski) had become strained; he would eventually align himself with the daughter of the family,Anna Zamoyska (Anna Jadwiga Sapieżyna).[7] He supported the 1794Kościuszko Uprising, a failed attempt to liberate Commonwealth from foreign influence following the events of the 1793Second Partition of Poland, donating money to the insurgents' cause.[7] Upon the defeat of the Uprising, he accompanied the family on their trip toVienna.[7] He also made some successful financial investments, including in the stock market.[6] He then served as an economic adviser for the Zamoyski and theSapieha families, invested in their estates, and lent them money.[6]
After Poland'spartitions, in which Russia, Prussia, and Austria seized all of the Commonwealth's territory, Staszic was active in many scientific and scholarly initiatives. He studied the geology of theCarpathian Mountains.[6] In 1800 he co-founded theWarsaw Society of Friends of Learning; from 1802 he was one of its most active members.[6] In 1804 he went to France, where he observed the changes wrought by Napoleon.[6] On return to Poland in 1805, he spent some time in theTatra Mountains, where he continued his geological studies and conductedethnographic ones. He worked withJan Chrystian Hoffmann on a geological map of Poland.[11] In theDuchy of Warsaw he worked with the Ministry of Education (Izba Edukacyjna Księstwa Warszawskiego) and was involved in numerous educational reforms and initiatives.[11] He also briefly worked with the Ministry of Treasury.[11]
From 1808 he was president of theSociety of Friends of Learning (Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk, orTPN), forerunner to thePolish Academy of Sciences (Polska Akademia Nauk); he would be elected repeatedly as the society's president until his death.[11] In 1808 he also becamereferendary to theState Council (Rada Stanu) of the Duchy; in 1810 he became a full member.[11] In the council, he was active in regard to questions of education and the economy.[12] AsTPN president he was active in many initiatives which supported and popularized science in Poland.[12] He oversaw the construction of a headquarters for theTPN, which came to be known as the "Staszic Palace".[13][14]
From 1814 he supported theRussian Empire, seen as aPan-Slavist ally of Poland, and favored the idea of a greatSlavic monarchy.[12][15] After the fall of the Duchy of Warsaw in 1815, he became a member of the government of the newly created small state ofCongress Poland (inpersonal union with Russia), initially in the new Ministry of Education and Religion, in 1816 serving as deputy minister.[15] In 1815 he was decorated with theOrder of Saint Stanislaus.[15] In 1819 he endorsed a controversial censorship law, damaging his reputation.[13]
His 1815 Polish translation of Homer'sIliad met with a negative reception.[15] In 1816–20 he published many of his writings in a 9-volumeWorks (Dzieła).[13] Volumes 7–9 comprised hisHumankind: A Didactic Poem (Ród Ludzki. Poema Dydaktyczne), a gigantic philosophical essay and poem that is regarded as an important contribution to thehistory of Polish philosophy.[13] However, the work ran afoul of the new censorship law and was not distributed, much of the edition eventually being destroyed.[13]
He also carried out studies on education and on human behavior, in a social-science tradition.[13] Some of his views and theories made him a precursor ofevolutionism in the natural and social sciences.[14] In his essays on human nature, he declared for the primacy of science and was relatively critical of the influence of religion.[13] These views gained him some critics, as he was seen as a priest who had abandoned religion.[14]
From 1816 he was involved in mining research and projects.[13] He also actively supported industrial development in Poland.[13][16] He was one of the first to see the importance of coal, and supported the development ofmetallurgy-related projects, from mines to zinc andsteel mills.[16] He was also involved in the development ofceramic and textile industries, and improving the transport infrastructure (roads, canals).[16] He discovered coal deposits inDąbrowa Górnicza, where he initiated the building of a coal mine. Between 1816 and 1824 he was thede facto minister of industry of the Congress Poland (styled officially the "director of the Department of Trade, Crafts and Industry") and initiated construction of theOld Polish Industrial Area (Staropolski Okręg Przemysłowy).[13][16] As his projects did not result in quick returns, he incurred increasing criticism, and eventually resigned from his position in 1824.[16]
In 1816 he founded theHrubieszowskie Towarzystwo Rolnicze (Hrubieszów Agricultural Society),[15] seen by some as the first Polishcooperative.[17]
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He died in Warsaw on 20 January 1826, most likely due to a stroke.[14] His funeral gathered 20,000 people, including the viceroy of the Congress Poland,Józef Zajączek.[14] He was buried in theCamaldolese Hermit Monastery in Warsaw.[14] His testament left his property at Hrubieszów to its tenants, and much of his wealth went to various philanthropic initiatives.[16]
Staszic was remembered by his contemporaries as a loner and not a person who was quick to make friends. He has been described as somewhat miserly; despite acquiring significant wealth, he was said to wear old clothes and use an old carriage. He was nonetheless widely respected by his contemporaries. He was seen as stern but honest, and had a tendency to speak in a fashion that some found amusing.[14]
He is seen as one of the chief representatives of the political activists and writers of the Polish Enlightenment.[14] He is also seen as the father of Polish geology, statistics, sociology, Tatra Mountains studies and exploration, mining and industry.[14] He is one of the figures immortalised inJan Matejko's 1891 painting "Constitution of 3 May 1791".[18] He was also the protagonist of theCharles Dickens' novella "Judge Not" (1851), and ofHanna Muszyńska-Hoffmanowa's novel "Pucharek ze srebra" (Little chalice of silver).[14]Wacław Berent published a biography of Staszic, but it is now lost.[14] In 1926, on the 100th anniversary of his death, he was celebrated in theSecond Polish Republic with several studies, articles and publications.[14]
In April 1951, he was honoured on a postage stamp of thePeople's Republic of Poland as part of the set issued for the First Congress of Polish Science.[19] His figure was popular among theMarxist scholars of the People's Republic, who stressed his materialist, determinist and anti-clerical views.[14] The 150th anniversary of his death in 1976 was also celebrated, with many works dedicated to him, including poems byJan Czeczot andJan Lohmann.[14] He has been made a patron of over 200 schools, including theAGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków.[14] There are statues of Stanisław Staszic inŁódź,Kielce, Hrubieszów and Dąbrowa Górnicza.[14] Several geographical landmarks, minerals and a bacterium bear his name as well.[14] In Piła, there is aMuseum of Stanisław Staszic, which has gathered various artifacts related to him, and publishes a journal, "Zeszyty Staszicowskie" (Staszic Notebooks).[20]
His best-known works include the following:
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