Inaviation,stagger is the relativehorizontal fore-aft positioning of stackedwings in abiplane,triplane, ormultiplane.[1]
An aircraft is said to havepositive stagger, or simplystagger, when the upper wing is positioned forward of the lower (bottom) wing,[2] Examples include thede Havilland Tiger Moth orStearman. Conversely, an aeroplane is said to havenegative stagger in unusual cases where the upper wing is positioned behind the lower wing, as in theSopwith Dolphin orBeech Model 17 Staggerwing.[2] An aircraft with the wings positioned directly above each other is said to haveunstaggered wings, as in theSopwith Cuckoo orVickers Vildebeest.
The value is sometimes expressed as a distance,s say, but it may also be written as a fraction or percentage of the 'gap' (distanceg between wings), i.e.s/g. It may also be presented as an angle equal to tan−1(s/g). TheGloster TSR.38 had a stagger of 0.91 m and a gap of 2.0 m,[3] so the stagger might be written as 0.91 m, 0.455, 45.5% or 24.5°.s is the distance from the leading edge of the upper wing along its chord to the point of intersection of the chord with a line drawn perpendicularly to the chord of the upper wing at the leading edge of the lower wing, all lines being drawn in a plane parallel to the plane of symmetry.[4]
As a general rule, there is a tendency for the upper wing to contribute a greater proportion of the total lift than the lower with positive stagger, and less with negative stagger. Increase in positive stagger also tends to move thecenter of pressure forward on the upper wing and backward on the lower wing. When unstaggered, the centers of pressure for upper and lower wings are almost coincidental.[5]
Lift comes from having air at a lower pressure above the wing than below. In the case of aircraft with more than one wing, one above the other, the higher pressure below the upper wing and the lower pressure above the lower wing will tend to equalize and so reduce the lift available. The closer together the wings are the more dramatic is this effect. The effect can be reduced by either increasing the gap between the wings, or moving one forward of the other. As increasing the gap may introduce other undesirable effects, stagger is usually applied to reduce the loss of lift.[6][7]
Positive stagger is by far the most common, as this positioning of the upper wing(s) allows better visibility for the crew as well as increased aircraft longitudinalstability, aerodynamic efficiency and maximum lift.[8]