| St Rollox Chemical Works | |
|---|---|
 St Rollox Chemical Works 1884 | |
  St Rollox Chemical Works | |
 | |
| Built | 1797 |
| Location | 229-231 Castle Street, Glasgow |
| Coordinates | 55°52′25″N4°13′57″W / 55.8735°N 4.2324°W /55.8735; -4.2324 |
| Industry | Chemical industry |
| Products | Bleach,sulfuric acid,soap,sodium carbonate,sulfur,manganese |
| Area | 130 acres |
| Owner | Charles Tennant |
| Defunct | 1964 |
St Rollox Chemical Works was an industrial manufacturer of chemicals[1] located inGlasgow, Scotland, that began in 1799 and stood until 1964. It was created by Scottish industrialistCharles Tennant and owned and operated by his family and descendants.[2] It was described as the largest plant in Europe, if not the world.[3]
In 1787, Tennant attended a demonstration ofClaude Louis Berthollet's chlorine bleaching process that was held by Watt in Birmingham.[4] Tennant adapted the bleaching process by substitutinglime forpotash, solving the problem of lime's inability to form a solution in water and opening the way to produce bleach.[4] He received a patent No. 2209 on 23 January 1798 for the manufacture of a bleaching liquor by passing chlorine into a well-agitated mixture of lime and water.[5]
The new process reduced both the cost of the bleaching liquor and the damage caused by the liquor to the cloth.[4] The new liquid had a short shelf life, so Tennant and Macintosh licensed their process and touredLancashire manufacturers to sell the process for £200 each.[6] In the beginning, the scheme worked relatively well, with each bleach manufacturer reporting that they were saving between £1000-£2500 per year.[6] As the process became more widely known, Lancashire manufacturers used it without obtaining a licence from Tennant.[6] He sued for infringement of patent rights but lost in court.[6] Tennant took the case to theCrown Court in 1802 but lost again.[6] In the intervening period, he came up with a new process, that was granted a patent No. 2312 on 30 April 1799[7] for a new bleaching powder (calcium hypochlorite). Tennant decided to open a new factory to commercially develop the product.[8]
In 1799, Tennant, with three business partners, created the legal entity. The first of these, William Couper, was the legal advisor to the partnership. The second partner was Alexander Dunlop (his brother married Charles's eldest daughter), who served as accountant to the group. The third partner, James Knox, managed the sales department. The chemistCharles Macintosh was the fourth partner.[9] The new factory was at St Rollox inNorth Glasgow, close to theMonkland Canal that enabled it to transport coal andironstone from the coal mines inLanarkshire.[3]
In October 1838, Charles Tennant died and his son John Tennant (1796–1878) became general manager of the company.[10] In 1890, the general decline of the company caused by the transfer to theSolvay process which was externally patented, led the company to merge with many other chemical manufacturers in the UK to form theUnited Alkali Company[11] but it continued to trade as Charles Tennant & Co. In 1913 the company was incorporated as Charles Tennant & Co Ltd.
St Rollox was started as a chlorine bleaching manufacturer that used theClaude Louis Bertholletpotash-chlorine bleaching liquor and then chemically modified by substituting the potash with lime to produce a bleach.[3] In 1799, the process changed when the company moved to the Macintosh-Tennant process to produce dry bleaching powder[3][12][13]
The powder was made fromchlorine andslaked lime and became known as Tennant's bleaching salt.[14] It was produced by mixing 4 parts of water,4+1⁄2 partssalt, 2 parts ofmanganese and 4 parts ofsulfuric acid known as "vitriol" in a lead vessel heated in a water bath.[14] The powder sold well and this enabled the factory to expand and diversify.[3] At the time, sulfuric acid cost £60 per ton and large quantities were needed in the production of chlorine, so Tennant started producing it.[3][14] By 1802, the factory was producing 252,270 lb (114,430 kg) of vitriol per year and selling 151,117 lb (68,546 kg) of bleaching powder per year, valued at £7500.[14]
In 1803, St Rollox had installed six lead vessels to produce the bleach, measuring 10 ft × 12 ft (3.0 m × 3.7 m) by 10 ft (3.0 m) high[15] In 1803, the house that contained the vessels was of three floors about 50 ft (15 m) long by 24 ft (7.3 m). The upper floor contained the vessels, the floor below the glass retorts for concentrating acid and the bottom floor contained the lead evaporating boilers used to bring the acid up to strength for the glass retorts.[15] In 1807, eight more were added.[14] By 1809, production capacity had been increased further, with 26 vessels in total.[14] This was further increased by six in 1811, taking the total number to 32 and were much larger, measuring 60 ft × 14 ft × 12 ft (18.3 m × 4.3 m × 3.7 m) high, arranged in sets of two or three.[15] The chambers were constructed to use external furnaces that burned the sulfur and supplied gas by use of a flue.[14] These were supplied by Bealy and Radcliffe of Manchester.[14][16]
In 1825, when thesalt tax was removed, the factory moved to producing crystal and ashsoda using theLeblanc process.[3] The process to create alkalis was to add sulfuric acid to salt that producedsodium sulfate, known as saltcake. The cake was roasted in a vessel by furnace and lime and coal to producesodium carbonate (soda ash) that was immersed in water for 12 hours. The resultant liquid was put into lead pans to evaporate.[16] This enabled the factory to expand further with the use ofplatina lined vats to hold the vitriol concentrates instead of the less efficient lead lined ones, more furnaces, more warehouses and storage space as well as building a canal basin and a railway terminal.[3] By the 1850s, further expansion had added acooperage and an iron foundry to make and repair their own equipment.[3]
By the early 1860s, the factory was producing 8000 tons of bleaching powder, 20,000 imp gal (91,000 L; 24,000 US gal) of sulfuric acid, 10,000 tons of soda ash and 8000 tons of soda crystals along with hundreds of tons of soap per year.[11] In the 1870s the factory changed from the Leblanc process to the newerSolvay process.[11]
After 1892, the company ceased producing soda-based products and from that point on only produced sulfuric acid.
By the 1820s, the management of St Rollox were receiving complaints due to the pollution produced by the factory.[17] A cloud of acrid yellow smoke hung over the factory day and night.[17] In 1822 during an enquiry into the pollution, a lawyer for one of the complainers stated "The smell of the works is at all times very offensive when the wind is north and makes her sick and inclined to vomit...Whenever the wind is in the north it pours down upon her. She considers this wholly arises from the manufacture of vitriol – and if Mr Tennant would give that up, she would let him carry on the other thing as he pleased". Another resident in the area stated of planting of hedges in the area: "During the present season several thousand of seedling beeches along with six thousand seedling thorns have been entirely destroyed".[17]
Twenty years later, a cartoon in a local magazine had the caption "St Rollox . . . a Clear Day" showed nothing but the liquid blackness of black ink covering the area.[17]
When John Tennant became head of the plant in 1838, the problem of pollution in the form of noxious fumes was foremost in his mind, due to the continual complaints of tainted air from people living in the area.[18] At the time there were several high chimneys at St Rollox to lift the fumes high over the bog country behind the factory, yet people still complained. While in church one Sunday he had the idea of building an exceptionally tall chimney that would take the fumes higher.[19][20]
The chimney was projected[a] by the Scottish engineerWilliam Rankine, designed by the Scottish civil engineersLewis Gordon and L. Hill.[21] The civil engineer for the project wasAndrew Thomson.[19] The main contractor on the project was the bricklayer Dugald Campbell McIntyre who was the main bricklayer at St Rollox. McIntyre was initially hesitant, thinking the proposition was a joke, but eventually provided an estimate of works which was accepted.[21]
On 29 June 1841, work began on the chimney. Concrete foundations were laid at a depth of 20 feet into the bed of sandstone underlying the area.[19] When completed the chimney measured 455.5 feet (138.8 m) tall.[22]
For more than 50 years the waste piles behind the factory had been accumulating on an old peat bog that lay within a natural basin of sandstone.[23] The compounds in the waste werelixiviated by rainfall and water from numerous springs in the area enabling a flow to be created out of the bog, described as a "yellow liquor" which consisted of a complex sulfide of calcium. The yellow liquor was allowed to flow into Pinkston Burn then into theRiver Kelvin which eventually reached theRiver Clyde.[23] The smell coming from the yellow liquor caused a significant nuisance and an attempt was made to sink shafts into the sandstone basin with several galleries at that depth running to 300 yards in an attempt to drain the water before it reached the waste piles.[23] In 1865, a report was prepared by theUniversity of Glasgow chemistThomas Anderson.[24] which added pressure to address the pollution problem.[23]
In 1871,James MacTear, who was the manager at St Rollox, created a chemical process to recoversulfur from the waste piles behind the factory.[25][23] It involved pumping the waste yellow liquor from the soda heaps into a special vessel, treating it withsulfurous acid to form an oxide, that was then dissolved with water, then hothydrochloric acid was used to precipitate the sulfur, which was dried and fused.[25] The process was reliable, resulting in a product that was cheap to produce and was widely used by manufacturers, even though it recovered only 27% to 30% of the available sulfur.[25] One ton of sulfur could be recovered at a cost of 61shillings at a cost of £2000 for an apparatus, that could produce 35tons per week and plant itself could produce 100 tons per month.[26] The sulfur was of excellent purity and was generally used to make gunpowder.[26]
During its operational lifetime, Tennants Stalk had been reduced in height to 90 feet. In 1922, the chimney was struck by lightning and a bulge appeared on the side of it, so it was decided to demolish it.[27] Eight workers were employed to reduce the height of the chimney by removing bricks from the top when the chimney suddenly collapsed, killing four of the workers and it was decided to dynamite the remains.[27]
In the early 1960s the factory was closed as it was no longer economically viable. It was demolished in 1964.[28]
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