Michael,[Notes 1] also calledSaint Michael the Archangel,Archangel Michael andSaint Michael theTaxiarch[6] is anarchangel inChristianity,Judaism,Islam. He is the warrior of God.[7] The earliest surviving mentions of his name are in third- and second-century BC Jewish works, often but not always apocalyptic, where he is the chief of theangels and archangels, and he is the guardian prince of Israel and is responsible for the care of thepeople ofIsrael.[8][9][10][11] Christianity conserved nearly all the Jewish traditions concerning him,[12] and he is mentioned explicitly inRevelation 12:7–12,[13] where he does battle withSatan,[14] and in theEpistle of Jude, where the archangel and the devil dispute over the body of Moses.[15]
TheBook of Enoch[10] lists him as one of seven archangels (the remaining names areUriel,Raguel,Raphael,Sariel,Gabriel, andRemiel), who, in theBook of Tobit, “stand ready and enter before the glory of the Lᴏʀᴅ”.[11] The fact that Michael is introduced implies the knowledge of him and the other named angels.[10][16] He is mentioned again inlast chapters of the Book of Daniel, a Jewishapocalypse composed in the second century BCE although set in the sixth, in which a man clothed in linen (never identified, but probably the archangelGabriel) tells Daniel that he and “Michael, your prince” are engaged in a battle with the “prince of Persia”, after which, at the end-time, “Michael, the great prince who protects your people, will arise”.[17][18]
Enoch was instrumental in establishing the pre-eminent place of Michael among the angels or archangels, and in later Jewish works, he is said to be their chief, mediating theTorah (the Law of God), and standing at the right hand of thethrone of God.[8] In the traditions of theQumran community, he defends or leads the people of God in the eschatological (i.e., end-time) battle.[19] And in other writings, he is responsible for the care of Israel (and he may be the “one like a son of man” mentioned in Daniel 7:13–14) and the commander of theheavenly armies; he is Israel's advocate contesting Satan's claim to the body ofMoses; he intercedes between God and humanity and serves asHigh Priest in the heavenly sanctuary; and heaccompanies the souls of the righteous dead to Paradise.[9]
The seven archangels (or four, as traditions differ but always include Michael) were associated with the branches of themenorah, the sacred seven-branched lampstand in theTemple as the seven spirits before the throne of God, and this is reflected in theBook of Revelation 4:5 (“From the throne came flashes of lightning, and rumblings and peals of thunder, and before the throne were burning seven torches of fire, which are the seven spirits of God” –ESV).[20] Michael is mentioned explicitly in Revelation 12:7–12, where he does battle with Satan and casts him out of heaven so that he no longer has access to God as accuser (his formal role in the Old Testament).[14] The fall of Satan at the coming ofJesus marks the separation of the New Testament from Judaism.[21] InLuke 22:31, Jesus tellsPeter that Satan has asked God for permission to “sift” the disciples, the goal being to accuse them, but the accusation is opposed by Jesus, who thus takes on the role played by angels, and especially by Michael, in Judaism.[22]
Michael is mentioned by name for the second time in theEpistle of Jude, which is an impassioned plea for the believers to engage in battle against the incursion of the error.[23] In verses 9–10, the author denounces the heretics by contrasting them with the archangel Michael, who, in disputing with Satan over the body of Moses, “did not presume to pronounce the verdict of 'slander' but said, 'The Lᴏʀᴅ punish you!'”[24]
According torabbinic tradition, Michael acted as the advocate of Israel, and sometimes had to fight with the princes of the other nations (Daniel 10:13) and particularly with the angelSamael, Israel's accuser. Their enmity dates from the time Samael was thrown from heaven and tried to drag Michael down with him, necessitating God's intervention.[25][26]
The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent that in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between God and his people, he held a place in the Jewish liturgy: "When a man is in need he must pray directly to God, and neither to Michael nor toGabriel."[27]Jeremiah addresses a prayer to him.[28]
Therabbis declare that Michael entered into his role of defender at the time of the biblical patriarchs. Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob said he rescuedAbraham from the furnace into which he had been thrown byNimrod (Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16). Some say he was the "one that had escaped" (Genesis14:13), who told Abraham that Lot had been taken captive (Midrash Pirke R. El.), and who protected Sarah from defilement by Abimelech.
Michael preventedIsaac from sacrifice by his father by substituting a ram in his place. He savedJacob, while yet in his mother's womb, from death by Samael.[29] He later prevented Laban from harming Jacob.(Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer, xxxvi).
The earliest and most famous sanctuary to Michael in the ancient Near East was theMichaelion, also associated with healing waters. It was built in the early fourth century byConstantine the Great atChalcedon, on the site of an earlier temple calledSosthenion.[32]
Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 310–320 – 403) in his Coptic-ArabicHexaemeron referred to Michael as a replacement ofSatan. Accordingly, after Satan fell, Michael was appointed to the function Satan served when he was still one of the noble angels.[33]
A painting of the Archangel slaying a serpent became a major art piece at theMichaelion after Constantine defeatedLicinius near there in 324. This contributed to the standardiconography that developed of the Archangel Michael as awarrior saint slaying a dragon.[32] The Michaelion was a magnificent church and in time became a model for hundreds of other churches inEastern Christianity; these spread devotions to the Archangel.[34]
In the fourth century,Saint Basil the Great's homily (De Angelis) placed Saint Michael over all the angels. He was called "Archangel" because he heralds other angels, the title Ἀρχαγγέλος (archangelos) applied to him inJude 1:9.[31] Into the sixth century, the view of Michael as a healer continued inRome; after a plague, the sick slept at night in the church ofCastel Sant'Angelo (dedicated to him for saving Rome), waiting for his manifestation.[35]
In the sixth century, the growth of devotions to Michael in theWestern Church was expressed by the feasts dedicated to him, as recorded in theLeonine Sacramentary. The seventh-centuryGelasian Sacramentary included the feast"S. Michaelis Archangeli", as did the eighth-centuryGregorian Sacramentary. Some of these documents refer to aBasilica Archangeli (no longer extant) onvia Salaria in Rome.[31]
Theangelology ofPseudo-Dionysius, which was widely read as of the sixth century, gave Michael a rank in thehierarchy of angels. Later, in the thirteenth century, others such asBonaventure believed him to be Prince of theSeraphim, the first of the nine angelic orders. According toThomas Aquinas (Summa Ia. 113.3), he is Prince of the last and lowest choir, the Angels.[31][36]
Catholics often refer to Michael as “Holy Michael, the Archangel”[37] or “Saint Michael”. He is generally referred to in Christianlitanies as “Saint Michael”, as in theLitany of the Saints. In the shortened version said at theEaster Vigil, he alone of the angels and archangels is mentioned by name, omitting SaintsGabriel andRaphael.[38]
InRoman Catholic teachings, Saint Michael has four main roles or offices.[31] His first role is the leader of the Army of God and the leader of celestial forces in triumphing over the powers of Hell.[39] He is viewed as the angelic model for the virtues of the “spiritual warrior”, his conflict with evil taken as “the battle within”.[40]
The second and third roles of Michael in Catholic teachings deal with death. In his second role, he is the angel of death,carrying the souls of Christians to Heaven. Catholic prayers often refer to this role of Michael. In his third role, he weighs souls on his perfectly balanced scales, a common object he holds in art.[41]
In his fourth role, Saint Michael, the special patron of the Chosen People in the Old Testament, is also Guardian of the Church. Saint Michael was revered by themilitary orders of knights during theMiddle Ages. The names of villages around theBay of Biscay reflect that history. Moreover, doubtless for the same motive he was considered the patron saint of a number of cities and countries.[42][43]
Sancte Míchael Archángele, defénde nos in próelio; contra nequítiam et insídias diáboli esto praesídium. Imperet illi Deus, súpplices deprecámur, tuque, Prínceps milítiae caeléstis, Sátanam aliósque spíritus malígnos, qui ad perditiónem animárum pervagántur in mundo, divína virtúte, in inférnum detrúde.[49]
Saint Michael the Archangel, defend us in battle. Be our defense against the wickedness and snares of the Devil. May God rebuke him, we humbly pray, and do thou, O Prince of the heavenly hosts, by the power of God, thrust into hell Satan, and all the evil spirits, who prowl about the world seeking the ruin of souls.[50]
TheEastern Orthodox accord Michael the titleArchistrategos, or “Supreme Commander of the Heavenly Hosts”.[51] The Eastern Orthodox pray to theirguardian angels and above all, to Michael and Gabriel.[52]
The Eastern Orthodox have always had strong devotions to angels. In contemporary times, they are referred to by the term of “Bodiless Powers”.[53] A number of feasts dedicated to Archangel Michael are celebrated by the Eastern Orthodox throughout the year.[53]
Archangel Michael is mentioned in a number of Eastern Orthodox hymns and prayer, and his icons are widely used within Eastern Orthodox churches.[54] In many Eastern Orthodoxicons, Christ is accompanied by a number of angels, Michael being a predominant figure among them.[54]
InRussia, many monasteries, cathedrals, court and merchant churches are dedicated to the Chief Commander Michael; most Russian cities have a church or chapel dedicated to the Archangel Michael.[55][56]
In Ukraine, the Archangel Michael is the patron saint of the capital city, Kyiv. He became popular since the time ofPrince Vsevolod of Kievan Rus'.
While in theSerbian Orthodox ChurchSaint Sava has a special role as the establisher of its autocephaly and the largest Belgrade church is devoted to him, the capitalBelgrade's Orthodoxcathedral, thesee church of the patriarch, is devoted to Archangel Michael (in Serbian:Арханђел Михаило /Arhanđel Mihailo).
The place of Michael in theCoptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria is as asaintly intercessor. He is the one who presents to God the prayers of the just, who accompanies the souls of the dead to heaven, who defeats the devil. He is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of eachCoptic month.[57] InAlexandria, a church was dedicated to him in the early fourth century on the 12th of the month ofPaoni. The 12th of the month ofHathor is the celebration of Michael's appointment in heaven, where Michael became the chief of the angels.[58]
Protestants recognize Michael as an archangel. TheAnglican andMethodist traditions recognize four archangels: Michael,Raphael,Gabriel, andUriel.[59][60] The controversial Anglican bishopRobert Clayton (d. 1758) proposed that Michael was theLogos and Gabriel theHoly Spirit.[61] Controversy over Clayton's views led the government to order his prosecution, but he died before his scheduled examination.[62][63]
John Gill comments on Jude 9, "'Yet Michael the archangel ...' By whom is meant, not a created angel, but an eternal one, the Lord Jesus Christ ..."[85]
Seventh-day Adventists believe that "Michael" is but one of the many titles applied to the pre-existent Christ, or Son of God. According to Adventists, such a view does not in any way conflict with the belief in the full deity and eternal preexistence of Jesus Christ, nor does it in the least disparage his person and work.[86] According to Adventist theology, Michael was considered the "eternal Word", and the one by whom all things were created. The Word was then born incarnate as Jesus.[87]
They believe that name "Michael" signifies "One Who Is Like God" and that as the "Archangel" or "chief or head of the angels" he led the angels and thus the statement inRevelation 12:7–9 identifies/refers to Jesus as Michael.[88]
Jehovah's Witnesses believe Michael to be another name forJesus in heaven, in his pre-human and post-resurrection existence.[89] They say the definite article at Jude 9[90]—referring to "Michael the archangel"—identifies Michael as the only archangel. They consider Michael to be synonymous with Christ, described at 1 Thessalonians 4:16[91] as descending "with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet".[92][93][94]
They believe the prominent roles assigned to Michael at Daniel 12:1,[95] Revelation 12:7,[96] Revelation 19:14,[97] and Revelation 16[98] are identical to Jesus' roles, being the one chosen to lead God's people and as the only one who "stands up", identifying the two as the same spirit being. Because they identify Michael with Jesus, he is therefore considered the first and greatest of all God's heavenly sons, God's chief messenger, who takes the lead in vindicating God'ssovereignty, sanctifying his name, fighting the wicked forces of Satan and protecting God's covenant people on earth.[99] Jehovah's Witnesses also identify Michael with the "Angel of the Lord" who led and protected the Israelites in the wilderness.[100] Their earliest teachings stated that Archangel Michael was not to be worshipped.[101]
Muhammad ibn Muhammad Shakir Ruzmah-'i Nathani - The Archangel Michael - Walters W65946B - Full Page
In Islam, Michael, or Mīkāʾīl,[106] is one of the four archangels along withJibril (Gabriel, whom he is often paired with),ʾIsrāfīl (trumpeter angel) andʿAzrāʾīl (angel of death).[107] He is mentioned only once in the Quran, along with Gabriel inQuran2:98.[108] The verse is understood as a rejection of the claim of the Jews of Medina stating that Gabriel is the enemy of Michael.[109] Inhadith andtafsir, the meaning of the term is occasionally interpreted as "ʿabd Allāh" (Servant of God).[110]
In further Islamic literature, Michael is associated with mercy. He asksGod for forgiveness for humans and is one of the first angels who obeyed God's orders to bow beforeAdam.[111][112] From the tears of Michael, angels of mercy are created as his helpers.[113] Like Gabriel, with whom he is often mentioned together, Michael is also a messenger. While Gabriel delivers messages from heaven to humans, Michael delivers messages to the angelic world.[114] As the angel to effectuate God's providence he is also associated with natural phenomena and causes rain upon the lands.[112] The latter function is also attested among modern writers, such asSayyid Qutb.[115] Unlike Christian tradition, Michael is rarely portrayed as a warrior-angel, with a few references to theBattle of Badr bySuyuti as an exception.[116]
TheMiraj literature occasionally mentions both Gabriel and Michael as two angels who showedMuhammad Paradise and hell.[117][118] However, he does not feature prominently and some accounts do not mention him at all.[119] Prayers concerning Michael appear in some devotional literature, but usually in conjunction with the other three archangels.[120][117] He is mentioned in aShiasupplication (dua), reportedly handed down by the 6thImam Ja'far al-Sadiq, in the prayers for blessings for theBearers of the Throne.[121][122][123]
The archangel Michael seems to have never been mentioned publicly byBaha'u'llah,'Abdu'l-Baha,Shoghi Effendi, or even theUniversal House of Justice. Baháʼí publications interpreting theBook of Revelation from theNew Testament say Baha'u'llah was a chief prince of Persia[124][125] foretold as Michael who would win "final victory over the dragon". Or, Michael, "One like God", is thought to be Baha'u'llah, as archangel Michael is thought to be an emanation ofHod or "glory" inJewish Mysticism[126] – because "Baha'u'llah" means splendor or glory of God.
In theEastern Orthodox Church, Saint Michael's principal feast day is 8 November (those that use theJulian calendar celebrate it on what in theGregorian calendar is now 21 November), honouring him along with the rest of the"Bodiless Powers of Heaven" (i.e.angels) as their Supreme Commander (Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers), and theMiracle at Chonae is commemorated on 6 September.[130][131]
In the calendar of theChurch of Englanddiocese of Truro, 8 May is the feast ofSt. Michael, Protector of Cornwall. The archangel Michael is one of the three patron saints ofCornwall.[132] The feast of the Appearing of S. Michael the Archangel is observed by Anglo-Catholics on 8 May.[133] From medieval times until 1960 it was also observed on that day in the Roman Catholic Church; the feast commemorates the archangel's apparition onMount Gargano in Italy.[134]
In theCoptic Orthodox Church, the main feast day in 12Hathor and 12Paoni, and he is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each Coptic month.
Apart from his being a patron of warriors, the sick and the suffering also consider Archangel Michael their patron saint.[144] Based on the legend of his eighth-centuryapparition atMont Saint-Michel, France, the Archangel is the patron ofmariners in this famous sanctuary.[31] After the evangelisation of Germany, where mountains were often dedicated to pagan gods, Christians placed many mountains under the patronage of the Archangel, and numerous mountain chapels of St. Michael appeared all over Germany.[31]
Similarly, the Sanctuary of St. Michel (San Migel Aralarkoa), the oldest Christian building in Navarre (Spain), lies at the top of a hill on theAralar Range, and harbours Carolingian remains. St. Michel is an ancient devotion ofNavarre and easternGipuzkoa, revered by theBasques, shrouded in legend, and held as a champion against paganism and heresy. It came to symbolize the defense of Catholicism, as well as Basque tradition and values during the early twentieth century.[145]
He has been the patron saint ofBrussels since the Middle Ages.[146] The city ofArkhangelsk in Russia is named for the Archangel. Ukraine and its capitalKyiv also consider Michael their patron saint and protector.[147]
InLinlithgow, Scotland, St. Michael has been the patron saint of the town since the thirteenth century, withSt. Michael's Parish Church being originally constructed in 1134. Since the fourteenth century, Saint Michael has been the patron saint ofDumfries in Scotland, where a church dedicated to him was built at the southern end of the town, on a mound overlooking theRiver Nith.[148]
In the United States military, Saint Michael is considered to be a patron of paratroopers and, in particular, the82nd Airborne Division.[151] One of the first battles where the unit first was combat christened is theBattle of Saint-Mihiel during World War I.
The beret insignia of the French paratroopers is a winged arm grasping a dagger, representing Saint Michael.[152]Saint Michael is the patronus of Italian special forces 9° Reggimento "Col Moschin" and the Italian state police. Saint Michael (Croatian:Sveti Mihovil) is patron ofCroatian Police andCroatian Army, his feast day being also celebrated as the Police day in Croatia.[153]
There is a legend which seems to be of Jewish origin, and which was adopted by theCopts, to the effect that Michael was first sent by God to bringNebuchadnezzar (c. 600 BC) against Jerusalem, and that Michael was afterward very active in freeing his nation from Babylonian captivity.[154]According to midrashGenesis Rabbah, Michael savedHananiah and his companions from thefiery furnace.[155] Michael was active in the time ofEsther: "The moreHaman accused Israel on earth, the more Michael defended Israel in heaven".[156] It was Michael who remindedAhasuerus that he wasMordecai's debtor;[157] and there is a legend that Michael appeared to the high priestHyrcanus, promising him assistance.[158]
According toLegends of the Jews, archangel Michael was the chief of a band of angels who questioned God's decision to create man on Earth. The entire band of angels, except for Michael, was then consumed by fire.[159]
TheEastern Orthodox Church celebrates theMiracle at Chonae on September 6.[160] The pious legend surrounding the event states thatJohn the Apostle, when preaching nearby, foretold the appearance of Michael at Cheretopa nearLake Salda, where a healing spring appeared soon after the Apostle left; in gratitude for the healing of his daughter, one pilgrim built a church on the site.[161] Local pagans, who are described as jealous of the healing power of the spring and the church, attempt to drown the church by redirecting the river, but the Archangel, "in the likeness of a column of fire", split the bedrock to open up a new bed for the stream, directing the flow away from the church.[162] The legend is supposed to have predated the actual events, but the fifth- to seventh-century texts that refer to the miracle at Chonae formed the basis of specific paradigms for "properly approaching" angelic intermediaries for more effective prayers within the Christian culture.[163]
There is a late-fifth-century legend inCornwall, England, that the Archangel appeared to fishermen onSt Michael's Mount.[164] According to author Richard Freeman Johnson, this legend is likely a nationalistic twist to a myth.[164] Cornish legends also hold that the mount itself was constructed by giants[165] and thatKing Arthur battled a giant there.[166]
An 18th-century statue of a triumphant Saint Michael, enshrined as the patron ofBacoor, Cavite,Philippines. The townfiesta was originally on May 8, the Feast of the Apparition at Mount Gargano.
The legend of the apparition of the Archangel at around AD 490 at a secluded hilltop cave onMonte Gargano in Italy gained a following among theLombards in the immediate period thereafter, and by the eighth century, pilgrims arrived from as far away as England.[167] TheTridentine calendar included a feast of the apparition on 8 May, the date of the 663 victory over theGreekNeapolitans that the Lombards ofManfredonia attributed to Saint Michael.[31] The feastremained in the Roman liturgical calendar until removed in therevision ofPope John XXIII. TheSanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo at Gargano is a major Catholic pilgrimage site.
According to Roman legends, Archangel Michael appeared with a sword over themausoleum ofHadrian while a devastating plague persisted in Rome, in apparent answer to the prayers of PopeGregory I the Great (c. 590–604) that the plague should cease. After the plague ended, in honor of the occasion, the pope called the mausoleum"Castel Sant'Angelo" (Castle of the Holy Angel), the name by which it is still known.[35]
From 1961 to 1965, four young schoolgirls had reported several apparitions of the Archangel Michael in the small village ofGarabandal, Spain. At Garabandal, the apparitions of the Archangel Michael were mainly reported as announcing the arrivals of theVirgin Mary. TheCatholic Church has neither approved nor condemned theGarabandal apparitions.[172]
In the 1667 Englishepic poemParadise Lost byJohn Milton, Michael commands the army of angels loyal to God against the rebel forces ofSatan. Armed with a sword from God's armory, he bests Satan in personal combat, wounding his side.[173]
Marc-Antoine Charpentier,Praelium Michaelis Archangeli factum in coelo cum dracone, H.410, oratorio for soloists, double chorus, strings and continuo (1683).[175]
Tenth-century gold and enamel Byzantineicon ofSt Michael, in the treasury of the St Mark's Basilica
InChristian art, Archangel Michael may be depicted alone or with other angels such asGabriel. Some depictions with Gabriel date back to the eighth century, e.g. the stone casket atNotre Dame de Mortain church in France.[176]
In many depictions, Michael is represented as an angelic warrior, fully armed with helmet, sword, and shield.[31] The shield may bear the Latin inscriptionQuis ut Deus or the Greek inscriptionChristos Dikaios Krites or its initials.[178] He may be standing over a serpent, a dragon, or the defeated figure of Satan, whom he sometimes pierces with a lance.[31] The iconography of Michael slaying a serpent goes back to the early fourth century, whenEmperor Constantine defeatedLicinius at theBattle of Adrianople in AD 324, not far from theMichaelion, a church dedicated to Archangel Michael.[32]
Constantine felt that Licinius was an agent of Satan and associated him with the serpent described in theBook of Revelation (12:9).[179] After the victory, Constantine commissioned a depiction of himself and his sons slaying Licinius represented as a serpent a symbolism borrowed from the Christian teachings on the Archangel to whom he attributed the victory. A similar painting, this time with the Archangel Michael himself slaying a serpent, then became a major art piece at the Michaelion and eventually lead to the standardiconography of the Archangel Michael as awarrior saint.[32]
In less common depiction, Michael holds a pair of scales, weighs the souls of the departed and holds thebook of life (as in theBook of Revelation) to show he partakes in the judgment.[176]Michelangelo depicted this scene on the altar wall of theSistine Chapel.[180]
InByzantine art, Michael was often shown as a princely court dignitary rather than a warrior who battled Satan or with scales for weighing souls on theDay of Judgement.[181]
Michael's icon on the northerndeacons' door on theiconostasis of Hajdúdorog. The archangel is often depicted on iconostases' doors as a defender of the sanctuary.
Archangel Michael byEmily Young in the grounds ofSt Pancras New Church. Plaque inscription: "In memory of the victims of the7th July 2005 bombings and all victims of violence. 'I will lift up my eyes unto the hills'"
St. Michael the Archangel and the Dragon. Queen of Archangels Roman Catholic Parish, Clarence, Pennsylvania
^abAlban Butler,The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints. 12 vols. Dublin: James Duffy, 1866; p. 320
^Even if they are the lowest order of angels, according toSumma Ia. 113.3,Psalms 90 attributes the guardianship of men to the angels and InMatthew 18:10 Jesus warns not to despise children because "their angels inheaven always see theface of myFather in heaven."
^John Walsh, Colin Haydon & Stephen Taylor, eds. (1993)The Church of England c. 1689 – c. 1833: from Toleration to Tractarianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressISBN0-521-41732-5; p. 47
^Luther, Martin (2010).'Sermon on the Festival of St. Michael and All Angels, Revelation 12:7–12', in Luther's Works, ed. Christopher Boyd Brown, trans. Matt Lundin. Concordia Publishing House. pp. 58:178–79.
^Witsius, Herman (1823).Sacred Dissertations: On what is Commonly Called the Apostles' Creed, 2 vols. A. Fullerton & Company; and Khull, Blackie & Company Glasgow: and sold. pp. 2:439. In note XLVII, Donald Fraser added, “The same opinion was held by Cloppenburgh, Vogelsangius, Pierce, and others, of former times; and of late, it has been strenuously supported by Bishop Horsley.”
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^abThe Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe 1325–1520 by D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre Boulton 2000ISBN0-85115-795-5 pp. 427–428
^Dronda, Javier (2013).Con Cristo o contra Cristo: Religión y movilización antirrepublicana en Navarra (1931–1936). Tafalla: Txalaparta. pp. 54–55.ISBN978-84-15313-31-1.
^Netherlandish sculpture 1450–1550 by Paul Williamson 2002ISBN0-8109-6602-6 p. 42
^Eastern Orthodoxy through Western eyes by Donald Fairbairn 2002ISBN0-664-22497-0 p. 148
^All Saints Sisters of the Poor: An Anglican Sisterhood in the Nineteenth Century (Church of England Record Society) by Susan Mumm 200ISBN0-85115-728-9 p. 48
^"甘肃快3_官方彩购买".www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com. Archived fromthe original on 2019-12-29. Retrieved2021-02-13.
^Makarios of Simonos Petra,The Synaxarion: the Lives of the Saints of the Orthodox Church, trans.Christopher Hookway (Holy Convent of the Annunciation of Our Lady 1998ISBN960-85603-7-3), p. 47.
^abSaint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005ISBN1-84383-128-7 p. 68
^Popular Romances of the West of England by Robert Hunt 2009ISBN0-559-12999-8 p. 238
^Myths and Legends of Britain and Ireland by Richard Jones 2006ISBN1-84537-594-7 p. 17
^The Medieval state: essays presented to James Campbell by John Robert Maddicott, David Michael Palliser, James Campbell 2003ISBN1-85285-195-3 pp. 10–11
^Mont-Saint-Michel: a monk talks about his abbey by Jean-Pierre Mouton, Olivier Mignon 1998ISBN2-7082-3351-3 pp. 55–56
^Saints in art by Rosa Giorgi, Stefano Zuffi 2003ISBN0-89236-717-2 pp. 274–276
^Cormack, Margaret. “The Veneration of St Michael in Medieval Iceland.” Chapter. In Saints and Their Legacies in Medieval Iceland, edited by Kirsten Wolf and Dario Bullitta, 249–76. Studies in Old Norse Literature. Boydell & Brewer, 2021, at 254-258.
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