The main tourist attraction is theAbbey of Saint Gall, aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site. The Abbey's renowned library contains books from the 9th century. The official language of St. Gallen is (the Swiss variety of Standard)German, but the main spoken language is the local variant ofAlemannicSwiss German. The city has good transport links to the rest of the country and to neighbouring Germany and Austria. It also functions as the gate to theAppenzellerland.
The town of St. Gallen grew around theAbbey of St Gall, built in the 8th century.[5] The abbey is said to have been built at the site of the hermitage ofIrish missionaryGallus, who according to legend had established himself by the riverSteinach in AD 612.[6] The monastery itself was founded bySaint Othmar inc. 720.[5] The abbey prospered in the 9th century and became a site of pilgrimage and a center of trade, with associated guest houses, stables and other facilities, a hospital, one of the first monastery schools north of the Alps. By the tenth century, a settlement had grown up around the abbey.[5]
In 926Magyar raiders attacked the abbey and surrounding town. SaintWiborada, the first woman formallycanonized by theVatican,[7] reportedly saw a vision of the impending attack and warned the monks and citizens to flee. While the monks and theabbey treasure escaped, Wiborada chose to stay behind and was killed by the raiders.[8] Between 924 and 933 the Magyars again threatened the abbey, and its books were removed for safekeeping to Reichenau. Not all the books were returned.[9]
On 26 April 937 a fire consumed much of the abbey, spreading to the adjoining settlement. However, the library was spared.[9] Muslim slave-raiders attacked the abbey in 939.[10] About 954 a protective wall was raised around the abbey. By 975, Abbot Notker finished the wall, and the adjoining settlement began growing into the town of St. Gall.[9][6][5]
From the 12th century, the town of St. Gall increasingly pushed for independence from the abbey. In 1180, animperial reeve, who was not answerable to the abbot, was installed in the town.[2]
In 1207, AbbotUlrich von Sax was granted the rank of Imperial Prince (Reichsfürst) byPhilip of Swabia, King of the Germans.[5][6] As an ecclesiastical principality, the Abbey of St. Gallen was to constitute an importantterritorial state and a major regional power in northern Switzerland.[5]
The city of St. Gallen overtime separated itself from the rule of the abbot. AbbotWilhelm von Montfort in 1291 granted special privileges to the citizens.[2] By about 1353 theguilds, headed by the cloth-weavers guild, had gained control of the civic government.[6] In 1415 the city bought its liberty from theGerman kingSigismund.[6]
In 1405, theAppenzell estates of the abbot successfullyrebelled and in 1411 they became allies of theOld Swiss Confederation. A few months later, the town of St. Gallen also became an ally. They joined the "everlasting alliance" as full members of the Confederation in 1454 and in 1457 became completely free from the abbot.[6]
However, in 1451 the abbey became an ally ofZürich,Lucerne,Schwyz, andGlarus who were all members of the Confederation.
Ulrich Varnbüler was an earlymayor of St. Gallen. Hans, the father of Ulrich, was prominent in city affairs in St. Gallen in the early 15th century. Ulrich entered public affairs in the early 1460s and attained the various offices and honours that are available to a talented and ambitious man. He demonstrated fine qualities as field commander of the St. Gallen troops in theBurgundian Wars.
In theBattle of Grandson (1476) his troops were part of the advance units of the Confederation and took part in their famous attack. A large painting of Ulrich returning triumphantly to a hero's welcome in St. Gallen is still displayed in St. Gallen.
After the war, Varnbüler often represented St. Gallen at the various parliaments of the Confederation. In December 1480, Varnbüler was offered the position of mayor for the first time. From that time on, he served in several leadership positions and was considered the city's intellectual and political leader.
According toVadian, who understood his contemporaries well, "Ulrich was a very intelligent, observant, and eloquent man who enjoyed the trust of the citizenry to a high degree."
His reputation among the Confederates was also substantial. However, in the late 1480s, he became involved in a conflict that was to have serious negative consequences for him and for the city.
St. Gallen in 1548St. Gallen in 1642
In 1463,Ulrich Rösch had assumed the management of the abbey of Saint Gall. He was an ambitious prelate, whose goal was to return the abbey to prominence by every possible means, following the losses of theAppenzell War.
His restless ambition offended the political and material interests of his neighbours. When he arranged for the help of the Pope and the Emperor to carry out a plan to move the abbey toRorschach onLake Constance, he encountered stiff resistance from the St. Gallen citizenry, other clerics, and the Appenzell nobility in the Rhine Valley, who were concerned for their holdings.
At this point, Varnbüler entered the conflict against the prelate. He wanted to restrain the increase of the abbey's power and at the same time increase the power of the town that had been restricted in its development. For this purpose he established contact with farmers and Appenzell residents (led by the fanaticalHermann Schwendiner) who were seeking an opportunity to weaken the abbot.
Initially, he protested to the abbot and the representatives of the four sponsoring Confederate cantons (Zürich, Lucerne, Schwyz, and Glarus) against the construction of the new abbey in Rorschach. Then on 28 July 1489 he had armed troops from St. Gallen and Appenzell destroy the buildings already under construction, an attack known as theRorschacher Klosterbruch.[6]
When the Abbot complained to the Confederates about the damage and demanded full compensation, Ulrich responded with a countersuit, and in cooperation with Schwendiner rejected the arbitration efforts of the non-partisan Confederates. He motivated the clerics fromWil to Rorschach to abandon their loyalty to the abbey and spoke against the abbey at a meeting of the townspeople at Waldkirch, where the popular league was formed. He was confident that the four sponsoring cantons would not intervene with force, due to the prevailing tensions between the Confederation and theSwabian League. He was strengthened in his resolve when the people of St. Gallen re-elected him as their highest magistrate in 1490.
Ulrich Varnbüler had made a serious miscalculation. In early 1490, the four cantons decided to carry out their duty to the abbey and to invade the St. Gallen canton with an armed force. The people of Appenzell and the local clerics submitted to this force without significant resistance, while the city of St. Gallen braced itself for a fight to the finish. However, when they learned that their compatriots had given up the fight, they lost confidence, and they agreed to a settlement that greatly restricted the city's power and burdened the city with serious penalties and reparation payments.
Ulrich, overwhelmed by the responsibility for his political decisions, panicked in the face of the approaching enemy who wanted him apprehended. His life was in great danger, and he was forced to escape from the city disguised as a messenger. He made his way toLindau and toInnsbruck and the court ofKing Maximilian. The victors confiscated those of his properties that lay outside of the city of St. Gallen and banned him from the Confederation. Ulrich then appealed to the imperial court (as did Schwendiner, who had fled with him) for the return of his property.
The suit had the support of Friedrich II and Maximilian and the trial threatened to drag on for years: it was continued by Ulrich's sons Hans and Ulrich after his death in 1496, and eventually the Varnbülers regained their properties. However, other political ramifications resulted from the court action, because the Confederation gained ownership of the city of St. Gallen and rejected the inroads of the empire. Thus, the conflict strengthened the relationship between the Confederation and the city of St. Gallen. On the other hand, the matter deepened the alienation between Switzerland and the GermanHoly Roman Empire, which eventually led to a total separation after theSwabian War.
Despite the unpropitious end of his career, Ulrich Varnbüler is immortalized in a famous woodcut byAlbrecht Dürer, which is now part of the Smithsonian Institution's woodcut collection in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.
Among Varnbüler's sons, the eldest (Hans/Johann) became the mayor ofLindau. He is the patriarch of theBaden andWürttemberg Varnbülers.
Starting in 1526 then-mayor andhumanistJoachim von Watt (Vadian) introduced theProtestant Reformation into St. Gallen. The town converted to the new religion while the abbey remainedRoman Catholic. Whileiconoclastic riots forced the monks to flee the city and remove images from the city's churches, the fortified abbey remained untouched.[11] The abbey would remain a Catholic stronghold in the Protestant city until 1803.
In 1798 theFrench invaded Switzerland, destroying theAncien Régime. Under theHelvetic Republic both the abbey and the city lost their power and were combined with Appenzell into theCanton of Säntis. The Helvetic Republic was widely unpopular in Switzerland and was overthrown in 1803. Following theAct of Mediation the city of St. Gallen became the capital of the Protestant Canton of St. Gallen.
One of the first acts of the new canton was to suppress the abbey.[11] The monks were driven from the abbey; the last abbot died inMuri in 1829.[12] In 1846 a rearrangement in the localdioceses made St. Gall a separatediocese, with the abbey church as itscathedral and a portion of the monastic buildings designated the bishop's residence.
Gustav Adolf IV, former king ofSweden, spent the last years of his life in St. Gallen, and died there in 1837.
In the 15th century, St. Gallen became known for producing quality textiles. In 1714, the zenith was reached with a yearly production of 38,000 pieces of cloth. The first depression occurred in the middle of the 18th century, caused by strong foreign competition and reforms in methods of cotton production. But St. Gallen recovered and an even more prosperous era arrived.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the first embroidery machines were developed in St. Gallen. In 1910 the embroidery production constituted the largest export branch (18% of the total export value) in Switzerland and more than half of the worldwide production of embroidery originated in St. Gallen. One fifth of the population of the eastern part of Switzerland was involved with thetextile industry. However,World War I and theGreat Depression caused another severe crisis forSt. Gallen embroidery. Only in the 1950s did the textile industry recover somewhat. Nowadays, because of competition and the prevalence of computer-operated embroidery machines, only a reduced textile industry has survived in St. Gallen; but its embroidered textiles are still popular with Parisianhaute couture designers.
St. Gallen is situated in the northeastern part of Switzerland in a valley about 700 meters (2,300 ft) above sea level. It is one of the highest cities in Switzerland and thus receives abundant winter snow. The city lies betweenLake Constance and themountains of the Appenzell Alps (with theSäntis as the highest peak at 2,502 meters (8,209 ft)). It therefore offers excellent recreation areas nearby.
As the city center is built on an unstable turf ground (its founder Gallus was looking for a site for a hermitage, not for a city), all buildings on the valley floor must be built onpiles. For example, the entire foundation of the train station and its plaza are based on hundreds of piles.
St. Gallen has an area, as of 2017[update], of 39.38 km2 (15.20 sq mi). Of this area, 27.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 28.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 42.1% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (1.9%) is non-productive (rivers or lakes).[13]
St. Gallen has ahumid continental climate (Dfb) with short, warm summers and long, moderately cold winters. Precipitation is very high year round. St. Gallen has a very cloudy climate.
Between 1981 and 2010 St. Gallen had an average of 141 days of rain or snow per year and on average received 1,248 mm (49.1 in) ofprecipitation. The wettest month was July during which time St. Gallen received an average of 172 mm (6.8 in) of rain. During this month there was precipitation for an average of 13.8 days. The months with the most days of precipitation were May, June and July. The driest month of the year was February with an average of 57 mm (2.2 in) of precipitation over 9.1 days.[14]
Climate data for St. Gallen, elevation 776 m (2,546 ft), (1991–2020)
St. Gallen is notable for reporting the highest maximum radioactivity measurements of any Swiss city, as published in the 2009 yearly report by theFederal Office of Public Health. While the daily average level of gamma-ray radioactivity in the city is unremarkable at 105 nSv/h, the maximum can reach 195 nSv/h, as high as the average forJungfraujoch, the location with the highest reported level of radioactivity in Switzerland, due to its high elevation and therefore greater exposure to cosmic rays. The same report explains that the unusually high spikes of radioactivity measured in St. Gallen are due to radioactive products ofradon gas being washed to the ground during heavy storms, but does not explain where the sufficient quantities of radon gas and its products to account for the anomaly would come from.[17] The yearly report for 2009 on risks associated with radon published by the same governmental agency shows St. Gallen to lie in an area of the lowest level of radon exposure.[18] In addition to the measured gamma-radiation, the city may be subject to radioactivetritium pollution inTeufen, a satellite town situated 4 km south of the city in the canton of Appenzell Outer Rhodes (this pollution is also covered in the report).
The City Council (Stadtrat) constitutes theexecutive government of the City of St. Gallen and operates as acollegiate authority. It is composed of five councilors (German:Stadtrat/ Stadträtin), each presiding over a directorate. The president of the presidential directorate acts asmayor (Stadtpräsident). In the mandate period 2017–2020 (Legislatur) the City Council is presided byStadtpräsidentinMaria Pappa. Departmental tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the City Parliament are carried by the City Council. The regular election of the City Council by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every four years. Any resident of St. Gallen allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the City Council. The current mandate period is from 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2024. The mayor is elected as such by public election by means of a system ofMajorz, while the heads of the other directorates are assigned by the collegiate. The delegates are elected by means of a system of Majorz.[20]
As of 2017[update], St. Gallen's City Council is made up of two representatives of the SP (Social Democratic Party) of which one is the mayor, one member of the FDP (FDP.The Liberals), one of the GLP (Green Liberal Party), and one independent. The last regular election was held on 27 September 2020.[20]
TheStadtparlament of St. Gallen for the mandate period of 2021-2024
JUSO (1.60%)
JungeGr (1.60%)
SP (27.0%)
GPS (11.1%)
PFG (1.60%)
glp (12.7%)
EVP (1.60%)
CVP (12.7%)
FDP (17.5%)
SVP (12.7%)
The City Parliament (Stadtparlament) holdslegislative power. It is made up of 63 members, with elections held every four years. The City Parliament decrees regulations and by-laws that are executed by the City Council and the administration. The delegates are selected by means of a system ofproportional representation (Proporz).
The sessions of the City Parliament are public. Unlike members of the City Council, members of the City Parliament are not politicians by profession, and they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of St. Gallen allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the City Parliament. The parliament holds its meetings in theWaaghaus once a week on Tuesdays.[22]
In the2019 federal election for theSwiss National Council the most popular party was thePS which received 24.4% (-3.8) of the vote. The next five most popular parties were theGreen Party (17.5%, +8.3), theSVP (16.5%, -4.6),FDP (14.4%, +0.1), theCVP (12.6%, +0.4), and theGLP (10.9%, +4.4).[23] In the federal election a total of 18,821 votes were cast, and thevoter turnout was 42.9%.[24]
In the 2015 election for theSwiss National Council the most popular party was theSPS which received 28.1% of the vote. The next five most popular parties were theSVP (21.1%), theFDP (14.3%), theCVP (12.2%), theGPS (9.2%), and theGLP (6.6%). In the federal election, a total of 20,768 voters were cast, and the voter turnout was 46.0%.[25]
St. Gallen has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 76,213.[27] As of 2019[update], about 31.4% of the population was made up of foreign nationals.[28] The population has grown at 4.4% per year. Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks German (83.0%), with Italian being second most common (3.7%) and Serbo-Croatian being third (3.7%).[29] Of the Swiss national languages (as of 2000[update]), 60,297 speakGerman, 575 people speakFrench, 2,722 people speakItalian, and 147 people speakRomansh.[30]
The age distribution, as of 2000[update], in St. Gallen is: 6,742 (9.3%) between 0 and 9 years old; 7,595 (10.5%) between 10 and 19; 12,574 (17.3%) between 20 and 29; 11,735 (16.2%) between 30 and 39; 9,535 (13.1%) between 40 and 49; 8,432 (11.6%) between 50 and 59; 6,461 (8.9%) between 60 and 69; 5,633 (7.8%) between 70 and 79; 3,255 (4.5%) between 80 and 89; 655 (0.9%) between 90 and 99; 9 people (0.0%) aged 100 or more.[30]
In 2000[update] there were 16,166 people (22.3%) who were living alone in private dwellings; 17,137 (or 23.6%) who were part of a couple (married or otherwise committed) without children, and 27,937 (or 38.5%) who were part of a couple with children. There were 4,533 (or 6.2%) people who lived in single parent home, while there are 419 persons who were adult children living with one or both parents, 475 persons who lived in a household made up of relatives, 2,296 who lived household made up of unrelated persons, and 3,663 who are either institutionalized or live in another type of collective housing.[30]
As of 2007[update], St. Gallen had an unemployment rate of 2.69%. As of 2005[update], there were 336 people employed in theprimary economic sector and about 95 businesses involved in this sector. 11,227 people are employed in thesecondary sector and there are 707 businesses in this sector. 48,729 people are employed in thetertiary sector, with 4,035 businesses in this sector.[29] As of October 2009[update] the average unemployment rate was 4.5%.[31] There were 4857 businesses in the municipality of which 689 were involved in the secondary sector of the economy while 4102 were involved in the third.[32] As of 2000[update] there were 28,399 residents who worked in the municipality, while 8,927 residents worked outside St. Gallen and 31,543 people commuted into the municipality for work.[33]
According to the 2000 census[update], 31,978 or 44.0% areRoman Catholic, while 19,578 or 27.0% belonged to theSwiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there are 112 individuals (or about 0.15% of the population) who belong to theChristian Catholic faith, there are 3,253 individuals (or about 4.48% of the population) who belong to the Orthodox Church, and there are 1,502 individuals (or about 2.07% of the population) who belong to another Christian church. There are 133 individuals (or about 0.18% of the population) who areJewish, and 4,856 (or about 6.69% of the population) who areMuslim. There are 837 individuals (or about 1.15% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), 7,221 (or about 9.94% of the population) belong to no church, areagnostic oratheist, and 3,156 individuals (or about 4.35% of the population) did not answer the question.[30]
St. Gallen is known for its business school, now named theUniversity of St. Gallen (HSG). It was ranked as the top business school inEurope byWirtschaftswoche, a weeklyGerman business news magazine and is highly ranked by several other sources.[34] Recently, HSG has been building a reputation for Executive Education, with its International MBA recognised as one of Europe's leading programmes,[35] and runs a PhD programme.[36] HSG is a focused university that offers degrees in business and management, economics, political science and international relations as well as business law.[37] The Master in Management course was Ranked number 1 in 2014 by The Financial Times ahead of HEC Paris.[38] It is comparatively small, with about 6,500 students enrolled at present, has bothEQUIS andAACSB accreditations, and is a member ofCEMS (Community of European Management Schools).[39] The university maintains student and faculty exchange programs around the world. The University of St. Gallen is also famous for its high density of clubs. Particularly well known is the International Students’ Committee, which has organised theSt. Gallen Symposium for over forty years. The St. Gallen Symposium is the leading student-run economic conference of its kind worldwide and aims to foster the dialogue between generations.
St. Gallen's state school system contains 64kindergartens, 21primary schools and 7secondary schools and about 6,800 students.[40] In addition to the state system, St. Gallen is home to theInstitut auf dem Rosenberg — an éliteboarding school attracting students from all over the world. The Institut provides an education in English, German and Italian and prepares the students to enter: American, British, Swiss, Italian, German and other European university programmes.[41]
The canton'sGewerbliches Berufs- und Weiterbildungszentrum is the largest occupational school inSwitzerland with over 10,000 students and various specialty institutes. One for example, theGBS Schule für Gestaltung teaches students design fundamentals in the practice of graphic design. The school is located in Riethüsli, a small section of the city of St. Gallen.
In St. Gallen about 68.8% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatoryupper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or aFachhochschule).[29] Out of the total population in St. Gallen, as of 2000[update], the highest education level completed by 15,035 people (20.7% of the population) wasPrimary, while 27,465 (37.8%) have completed their secondary education, 10,249 (14.1%) have attended aTertiary school, and 2,910 (4.0%) are not in school. The remainder did not answer this question.[30]
Old houses of St. GallenThe interior of the Cathedral is one of the most important baroque monuments in SwitzerlandLibrary of St. GallenAn opera rehearsal in front of St. Gallen Cathedral, 2007Citylounge ("Stadtlounge") at Raiffeisen square
In the years afterGallus' death, St. Gallen became one of the centers of Germanic culture due to the creative works of the monks who followed the footsteps of the city's founder Gallus.[42] This resulted in numerousheritage sites of national significance.
In 1992, St. Gallen was awarded theWakker Prize for the city's effort to create a unified structure and appearance in current and future construction.[43]
There are 28 sites in St. Gallen that are listed as Swissheritage sites of national significance, including four religious buildings; the Abbey of St. Gallen, the formerDominican Abbey of St. Katharina, the Reformed Church of St. Laurenzenkirche and the RomanCatholicparish church of St. Maria Neudorf.
There are six museums or archives in the inventory. This includes theTextile museum, theHistorical and ethnographical museum, the Cantonal library and city archives, theArt and Natural History museum, the Museum in Lagerhaus and theSt. Gallen State Archive. The entire city of St. Gallen is the only archeological heritage site. Two bridges are listed, the Eisenbahnbrücke BT (railroad bridge) and theKräzern-Strassenbrücke with acustom house.
The twelve other sites include the main train station, main post office,University of St. Gallen, Cantonal School,City Theatre and two towers; theLokremise withWasserturm and theTröckneturm.[44]
In the modern and somewhat extravagant building of theTheater St. Gallen operas, operettas, ballet, musicals and plays are performed. It has an average utilization of nearly 80 percent.
Since 2006 a series of open-air operas have been performed in front of the Cathedral starting around the last weekend of June.[45]
In the nearby concert hall,Tonhalle St. Gallen, with its grandArt Nouveau style, all sorts of concerts (classic, symphony, jazz etc.) are given.
Historical and ethnographical museum (collections of regional early history, city history, folk art, cultural history as well ethnographical collections from all over the world)
Art museum (painting and sculptures from the 19th and 20th century)
St. Gallen art gallery (national and international modern art)
Natural history museum (natural history collection)
Museum in the storehouse (Swiss native art andart brut)
Textile museum (historical laces, embroidery and cloth)
Lapidarium of theabbey (building blocks from 8th to 17th century)
Drei Weieren (three artificial water basins from the zenith of the textile industry with Art Nouveau-bath houses; reachable by theMühleggbahn (train) from 1893). The Drei Weieren is a water park by day and a gathering place for young people by night. This results in many complaints by people who live in the vicinity about noise, drug abuse and vandalism. Locals jokingly call the three basins "Lakes with the mostTHC in the country". The young people who spend their time there claim that the Drei Weieren is a place where they can spend their time in a consumer-free environment.
Tröckneturm Schönenwegen; the tower was built 1828 and was used to hang up freshly colored cloth panels for drying.
Protestant church Linsebühl, an impressive newRenaissance building dating from 1897
University of St. Gallen (HSG; University for Business Administration, Economics and Law with an excellent reputation in the German-speaking world), founded 1898.
Embroidery exchange, splendid building with the god of tradeHermes on its roof.
Volksbad, the oldest public bathhouse still in operation in Switzerland dating from 1908.
Catholic church of St. Martin in the Bruggen district; the concrete church built in 1936 was at that time glaringly modern.
1992 the city of St. Gallen received theWakker Prize.
Stadtlounge (City Lounge) – a pedestrian area in the city center designed to represent a lounge room, but in the street.[47]
Synagogue St. Gallen – Built by the architects Chiodera and Tschudy, it is the only synagogue in the Lake Constance region that has been preserved in its original state.
TheSt. Gallen Symposium attracts about 600 personalities from economics, science, politics and society to the University of St. Gallen every year. It hosts the world's largest student essay competition of its kind with about 1,000 participants, of whom the 100 best contributions are selected to participate in the St. Gallen Symposium. The Symposium celebrated its 40th anniversary in May 2010.
OLMA, traditional Swiss Fair for Agriculture and Nutrition in autumn as well as numerous other exhibitions at the OLMA Fairs St. Gallen.
TheA1 motorway links St. Gallen withSt. Margrethen,Zurich,Bern andGeneva. In 1987, the city motorway was opened, which conveys the traffic through two tunnels (Rosenberg and Stefanshorn) almost directly below the city center.
In total, there are 13 railway stations in the municipality of St. Gallen (fare zone 210 of theOstwind tariff network [de]),[50][51] most of which are only served by regional S-Bahn trains only:
This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(June 2016)
The "St. Gallen 2013" project aimed to improve local rail services, with infrastructure upgrades and new rolling stock. By December 2013,S-Bahn services would run on six lines, at intervals of 15 to 30 minutes.[52]
^Jones, Terry."Wiborada".Patron Saints Index. Archived fromthe original on 1 May 2007. Retrieved2 May 2008.
^McNamara, Robert F. (Rev.) (20 February 2007)."St. Wiborada".stthomasirondequoit.com. St. Thomas the Apostle Church. Archived fromthe original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved2 May 2007.
^Mohammad Ballan."FRAXINETUM: AN ISLAMIC FRONTIER STATE IN TENTH-CENTURY PROVENCE"(PDF).Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies.41: 20, 27. Retrieved17 October 2023.their primary economic concern: the capture of Europeans for the slave markets of the Islamic world […] Shortly after their establishment at Fraxinetum, the Andalusīs […] By 939 the Andalusīs had crossed the Alps (all the chroniclers praise their mountaineering abilities) and raided what is today northern Italy as well as southern Switzerland, where they attacked the renowned monastery of St. Gall
^ab"Parteien" (official site) (in German). St. Gallen, Switzerland: Stadt St. Gallen. Retrieved5 February 2020.
^Swiss Federal Statistical Office, FSO, ed. (28 November 2019)."NR - Ergebnisse Parteien (Gemeinden) (INT1)"(CSV) (official statistics) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office, FSO. Retrieved18 May 2020 – via opendata.swiss.
^Swiss Federal Statistical Office, FSO, ed. (28 November 2019)."NR - Wahlbeteiligung (Gemeinden) (INT1)"(CSV) (official statistics) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office, FSO. Retrieved18 May 2020 – via opendata.swiss.
^Mohr, Christoph (9 April 2008)."Wo steht der deutsche MBA-Markt?".Wirtschafts Woche.Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved29 April 2009.(in German) mentions that there are only 7 "true" German MBAs with international appeal, of which HSG is one
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