| St. Marys River | |
|---|---|
 TheSault Ste. Marie International Bridge crossing the river at theCanada–United States border | |
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| Location | |
| Countries | |
| Province/State | |
| Cities | Canada: United States: |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Whitefish Bay (Lake Superior) |
| • coordinates | 46°30′02″N84°36′14″W / 46.50056°N 84.60389°W /46.50056; -84.60389 |
| • elevation | 600 ft (180 m) |
| Mouth | North Channel (Lake Huron) |
• coordinates | 46°03′20″N83°54′34″W / 46.05556°N 83.90944°W /46.05556; -83.90944 |
• elevation | 577 ft (176 m) |
| Length | 74.5 mi (119.9 km) |
| Discharge | |
| • average | 2,135 m3/s (75,400 cu ft/s) |
TheSt. Marys River, sometimes writtenSt. Mary's River, drainsLake Superior, starting at the end ofWhitefish Bay and flowing 74.5 miles (119.9 km) southeast intoLake Huron, with a fall of 23 feet (7.0 m).[1] For its entire length it is an international border, separatingMichigan in the United States fromOntario, Canada.
The twin cities ofSault Ste. Marie, Ontario, andSault Ste. Marie, Michigan, are connected across the St. Marys River by theSault Ste. Marie International Bridge. The St. Marys Rapids are just below the river's exit from Lake Superior and can be bypassed by huge freight ships through the man-madeSoo Locks and theSault Ste. Marie Canal.
Two of the Ontario tributaries of this river are theGarden River and theBar River. Other Canadian tributaries include Fort Creek, theRoot River, the Little Carp River, the Big Carp River, the Lower Echo River, Desbarats River, and the Two Tree River. The US tributaries to the St. Marys River are theGogomain River, theMunuscong River, theLittle Munuscong River, theCharlotte River, and theWaiska River.
Before Europeans arrived,Ojibwe (Chippewa) Indigenous Americans fished, traded, and maintained aportage around the rapids of the St. Marys River, which they referred to asBaawitigong, meaning "at the cascading rapids".French explorerÉtienne Brûlé was the first European to travel up the rapids in about 1621. In 1641Jesuit priestsIsaac Jogues andCharles Raymbault ventured the same route as Brûlé, finding manyOjibwe at the rapids, and named it Sault Ste. Marie.Sault (Middle and early Modern French spelling ofsaut) means "jump"; hence, the secondary meaning "rapids" because the water 'jumps.'
Fort St. Joseph was built on the Canadian shore in 1796 to protect a trading post, and ensure continuedBritish control of the area. The fort fulfilled its role in theWar of 1812.
The first modern lock was completed in May 1855 byErastus Corning'sSt. Mary's Falls Ship Canal Company, and was known as the "American Lock". Today, there are four parallel locks on the American side of the river, although only two are in regular use. TheSoo Locks became part of theGreat Lakes Waterway system in 1959.[citation needed]
Partially due to the American refusal of passage through the Soo Locks during theWolseley Expedition, aCanadian Lock was built in 1895. The current Canadian Lock is used for recreational boats and is a National Historic Site of Canada.
During World War II, the Soo Locks and the St. Marys River waterway were heavily guarded by U.S. and Canadian forces coordinated by theU.S. Army'sCentral Defense Command. During the waterway's usable season from March through November, 90 percent of the United States' iron ore production for domestic use passed through it in 1939, making the waterway critical to maintaining war production. A battalion of infantry, stationed at nearbyFort Brady, provided security beginning just after the outbreak of the European war in September 1939; this was reduced to a company in mid-1940 and replaced by amilitary police battalion in May 1941. After Pearl Harbor in December 1941, fear of possible air or paratroop attacks by German forces led to a major expansion of defence measures. Scenarios envisioned included U-boats inHudson Bay launching attack aircraft, and one-way bombing or paratroop missions along agreat circle route from German-occupied Norway. Units deployed included the131st Infantry Regiment, ananti-aircraft regiment, and abarrage balloon battalion for a total in mid-1942 of 7,000 troops in the area. Canada provided an anti-aircraft battalion, elements of theRoyal Canadian Mounted Police, barracks and defensive positions for some of the U.S. force, and a warning system of 266 aircraft observation posts of theAircraft Identity Corps extending northward to Hudson Bay. This was augmented by five U.S.-staffed radar stations in northern Ontario. By late 1943, with no threat emerging and spare components stockpiled in the event of lock damage, the U.S. forces were cut to 2,500 troops, and the AA and air warning defences were abandoned. In January 1944 the garrison was further reduced to a single military police battalion.[2]
The Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge, a steeltruss arch bridge, takes road traffic across the river. Directly to the west is theSault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge, which carries rail traffic on a single set of tracks.
TheEdison Sault Electric Hydroelectric Plant, located at the eastern end of the Sault Ste. Marie Power Canal which runs between Lake Superior and Lake Huron through the city south of the American locks, is one of the longesthydroelectric plants in the world at 1,340 feet (408 m) in length.[3] The plant consists of 74 three-phase generators capable of generating 25 to 30megawatts. It was completed in 1902. The hydro plant is faced with stone quarried during the excavation of the Sault Ste. Marie Power Canal.
TheUnited States Army Corps of Engineers owns and operates ahydroelectric generating plant directly north of the American locks.[4]
Finally, the Francis H. Clergue Generating Station, owned and operated by Brookfield Renewable Energy, Inc., is a hydroelectric generating plant located directly north of the Canadian lock with a generating capacity of 52MW. It was completed in 1981.
TheEdison Sault Power Canal is used to power the Saint Marys Falls Hydropower Plant at its eastern end. The canal separated downtown Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, from its mainland, making it an island. It was begun in September 1898 as the Michigan Lake Superior Power Company Canal, but completed by Edison Sault Electric Company in June 1902. Measured from its headgates to its end at the power plant, it is 2.25 miles (3.62 km) in length, between 200 and 220 feet (61 and 67 m) wide, and 24 feet (7.3 m) deep.[5] The water runs down the canal at speeds upwards of 7 miles per hour (11 km/h).
The American Soo Locks are the major transportation route around the St. Marys Rapids, but the Canadian Sault Ste. Marie Canal is still used by recreational and tour boats on account of its smaller size, simpler procedures, and additional mooring lines to support small craft. By agreement, traffic may use either country's locks without passports.
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A set ofcompensating works are located at the mouth of the rapids, which are used to control the outflow of water from Lake Superior. Completed between 1901 and 1921, the works were built to provide greater supply of the rivers flow through the three hydroelectric plants and locks on the river.[7] This flow is controlled by theInternational Joint Commission.[8] The works consists of 16sluice gates, half of which are on the American side, and the other half on the Canadian side of the river. On average, upwards of 93% of the river's flow is diverted by the compensating works to power generation and navigational uses.[8]
Because all of the other gates are periodically closed, totally dewatering the rapids, a concreteberm was constructed in 1985 along the north side of the rapids south ofWhitefish Island as remedial works to protect fishspawning habitat from lower outflow through the rapids due to the operation of the compensation works.[9] The berm begins at Gate #1 of the compensating works so as to retain the ability to provide a dedicated flow over the fish spawning habitat, independent of water supply over the rest of the rapids.[9]
The Saint Marys River is listed as aGreat Lakes Areas of Concern in the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the United States and Canada.
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