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| Founded | 10 May 1842; 182 years ago (1842-05-10) (as Springer-Verlag) |
|---|---|
| Founder | Julius Springer |
| Country of origin | Germany |
| Headquarters location | Berlin/Heidelberg,Germany |
| Nonfiction topics | Science, technology, medicine, business, transport and architecture |
| Owner(s) | Springer Nature |
| Official website | www |
Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known asSpringer, is a German multinationalpublishing company of books,e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.[1]
Originally founded in 1842 in Berlin, it expanded internationally in the 1960s, and through mergers in the 1990s and a sale to venture capitalists it fused withWolters Kluwer and eventually became part ofSpringer Nature in 2015. Springer has major offices in Berlin,Heidelberg,Dordrecht, and New York City.
Julius Springer foundedSpringer-Verlag in Berlin in 1842 and his son Ferdinand Springer grew it from a small firm of 4 employees into Germany's then second-largest academic publisher with 65 staff in 1872.[2][3] In 1964, Springer expanded its business internationally, opening an office in New York City. Offices in Tokyo, Paris, Milan, Hong Kong, and Delhi soon[when?] followed.[citation needed]
In 1999, the academic publishing companyBertelsmannSpringer was formed after the media and entertainment companyBertelsmann bought a majority stake in Springer-Verlag.[2][4] In 2003, the British investment groupsCinven andCandover bought BertelsmannSpringer from Bertelsmann.[4] They merged the company in 2004 with theDutch publisherKluwer Academic Publishers (successor ofD. Reidel, Dr. W. Junk, Plenum Publishers, most ofChapman & Hall, andBaltzer Science Publishers) which they bought fromWolters Kluwer in 2002,[5] to formSpringer Science+Business Media.
In 2006, Springer acquiredHumana Press.[6]
Springer acquired theopen-access publisherBioMed Central in October 2008 for an undisclosed amount.[7]
In 2009, Cinven and Candover sold Springer to two private equity firms,EQT AB andGovernment of Singapore Investment Corporation, confirmed in February 2010 after the competition authorities in the US and in Europe approved the transfer.[8][9]
In 2011, Springer acquired Pharma Marketing and Publishing Services (MPS) from Wolters Kluwer.[10]
In 2013, the London-based private equity firmBC Partners acquired a majority stake in Springer from EQT and GIC for $4.4 billion.[11]
In January 2015,Holtzbrinck Publishing Group /Nature Publishing Group and Springer Science+Business Media announced amerger.[12] in May 2015 they concluded the transaction and formed a new joint venture company,Springer Nature with Holtzbrinck in the majority 53% share andBC Partners retaining 47% interest in the company.[13]
In 1996, Springer launched electronic book and journal content on its SpringerLink site.[14]
SpringerImages was launched in 2008. In 2009, SpringerMaterials, a platform for accessing theLandolt-Börnstein database of research and information on materials and their properties, was launched.[15]
AuthorMapper is a free online tool for visualizing scientific research that enables document discovery based on author locations and geographic maps, helping users explore patterns in scientific research, identify literature trends, discover collaborative relationships, and locate experts in several scientific/medical fields.[16]
Springer Protocols contained a collection of laboratory protocols, recipes that provide step-by-step instructions for conducting experiments, which in 2018 was made available in SpringerLink instead.[17]
Book publications include major reference works, textbooks, monographs and book series; more than 168,000 titles are available as e-books in 24 subject collections.[18]
Springer is a member of theOpen Access Scholarly Publishers Association.[19] For some of its journals, Springer does not require its authors to transfer their copyrights, and allows them to decide whether their articles are published under anopen-access license or in the traditional restricted licence model.[20] While open-access publishing typically requires the author to pay a fee for copyright retention, this fee is sometimes covered by a third party. For example, a national institution in Poland allows authors to publish in open-access journals without incurring any personal cost but using public funds.[21]
In 1938, Springer-Verlag was pressed to applyNazi principles on the journalZentralblatt MATH.Tullio Levi-Civita, who was Jewish, was forced out from the editorial board, andOtto Neugebauer resigned in protest along with most of the rest of the board.[22]
In 2014, it was revealed that 16 papers in conference proceedings published by Springer had been computer-generated usingSCIgen. Springer subsequently retracted all papers from these proceedings.IEEE had removed more than 100 fake papers from its conference proceedings.[23]
In 2015, Springerretracted 64 papers from 10 of its journals it had published after a fraudulentpeer review process was uncovered.[24]
According toGoodhart's law and concerned academics like the signatories of theSan Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment, commercial academic publishers benefit from manipulation ofbibliometrics andscientometrics like thejournal impact factor, which is often used asa proxy ofprestige and can influence revenues, includingpublic subsidies in the form of subscriptions and free work from academics.[25]
Seven Springer Nature journals, which exhibited unusual levels ofself-citation, had theirjournal impact factor of 2019 suspended fromJournal Citation Reports in 2020, a sanction which hit 34 journals in total.[26]
...an article produced by Adis' parent company, Springer Science+Business Media.
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