| Spindalis | |
|---|---|
_male.JPG) | |
| Western spindalis (Spindalis zena) | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Superfamily: | Emberizoidea |
| Family: | Spindalidae Barker, Burns, Klicka, Lanyon, & Lovette, 2013[1] |
| Genus: | Spindalis Jardine &Selby, 1837 |
| Type species | |
| Spindalis bilineatusJardine &Selby, 1837=Tanagra nigricephalaJameson, 1835 Jamaican spindalis | |
Spindalis is agenus consisting of four non-migratory species of bird. It is the only genus in the familySpindalidae. The species are mostlyendemic to theWest Indies; exceptions include populations of western spindalises onCozumel Island, off the Yucatán Peninsula's east coast, and in extreme southeasternFlorida. The species were traditionally considered aberrant members of the tanager familyThraupidae. Taxonomic studies recover them as asister group to thePuerto Rican tanager (familyNesospingidae), and some group Spindalidae and Nesospingidae within thePhaenicophilidae.[2]
Males are characterized by bright plumage while females are duller and have a different coloration. The nests arecup-shaped.[3]
The genusSpindalis was introduced in 1837 by the naturalistsWilliam Jardine andPrideaux John Selby to accommodate a single species,Spindalis bilineatus Jardine and Selby. This name is now considered ajunior synonym ofTanagra nigricephalaJameson, 1835, theJamaican spindalis, which becomes thetype species bymonotypy.[4][5]
The genus contains four species:[6]
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hispaniolan spindalis
| Spindalis dominicensis (Bryant, H, 1867) | Hispaniola (Haiti and theDominican Republic) | Size: Habitat: Diet: | LC |
| Jamaican spindalis
| Spindalis nigricephala (Jameson, 1835) | Jamaica | Size: Habitat: Diet: | LC |
| Puerto Rican spindalis
| Spindalis portoricensis (Bryant, H, 1866) | Puerto Rico | Size: Habitat: Diet: | LC |
| Western spindalis
| Spindalis zena (Linnaeus, 1758) Five subspecies
| southeastern Florida and the western Caribbean (Cozumel, the Cayman Islands, Cuba, the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands) | Size: Habitat: Diet: | LC |
Historically, the genus consisted of a singlepolytypic species,Spindalis zena (with the common name of stripe-headed tanager), with eight recognized subspecies—S. z. townsendi andS. z. zena from theBahamas,S. z. pretrei fromCuba,S. z. salvini fromGrand Cayman,S. z. dominicensis from Hispaniola andGonâve Island,S. z. portoricensis from Puerto Rico,S. z. nigreciphala from Jamaica, andS. z. benedicti from Cozumel Island. In 1997, based primarily on morphological and vocalization differences, three of the subspecies (portoricensis,dominicensis andnigricephala) were elevated to species status.S. zena remained a polytypic species with five recognized subspecies—S. z. pretrei,S. z. salvini,S. z. benedicti,S. z. townsendi, andS. z. zena.[7]
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