| Spessart | |
|---|---|
 Rohrberg nature reserve, site of some of the most ancient oaks and beeches in the Spessart | |
| Highest point | |
| Peak | Geiersberg |
| Elevation | 586 m (1,923 ft) NN |
| Coordinates | 49°54′9″N9°25′43″E / 49.90250°N 9.42861°E /49.90250; 9.42861 |
| Dimensions | |
| Area | 2,440 km2 (940 sq mi) |
| Geography | |
 Overview of the Spessart | |
| Country | Germany |
| Region(s) | Hesse,Bavaria |
Spessart (German pronunciation:[ˈʃpɛsaʁt]ⓘ) is aMittelgebirge, a range of low wooded mountains, in the States ofBavaria andHesse inGermany. It is bordered by theVogelsberg,Rhön andOdenwald. The highest elevation is theGeiersberg at 586 metres above sea level.
The name is derived from "Spechtshardt".Specht is the German word forwoodpecker andHardt is an outdated word meaning "hilly forest".[1]: 10 [2]: 3
The Spessart is aMittelgebirge, part of the GermanCentral Uplands, located in theLower Franconia region ofBavaria and inHesse,Germany. It is bordered by other ranges of hills: theVogelsberg in the north,Rhön in the northeast andOdenwald in the southwest. Another way of describing the extent of the range is by naming the rivers that border it: theMain in the south and west, theKinzig in the north and theSinn in the northeast.[1]: 7 The area of the Spessart totals around 2,440 square kilometres, of which 1,710 square kilometres are part of Bavaria.[3]
The highest elevation is theGeiersberg at 586 metres above sea level.[2]: 3 The highest elevation in the Hessian part of the Spessart isHermannskoppe at 567 metres.
Since the admission ofCroatia to theEuropean Union (EU), the geographical centre of the EU is located in the village of Westerngrund, nearSchöllkrippen, according to theInstitut de Géographie in Paris. Previously, the centre was located west ofGelnhausen.[4]
There are a number of ways of dividing the Spessart into sub-regions. A popular approach is to divide it intoMainspessart,Vorspessart,Hochspessart andNordspessart (orKinzigtal).[2]: 16, 36, 60, 96 The western edge of the range between Aschaffenburg andMiltenberg is generally referred to asVorspessart.[1]: 7 However, some use that name also for the more northerly area between Aschaffenburg, Alzenau and Gelnhausen.[2]: 16 It extends east to around Schöllkrippen and Mespelbrunn. The highest elevation here is the Hahnenkamm (460 metres).[2]: 16 TheNordspessart is the stretch of hills to the south of the valley of the Kinzig, flowing fromSchlüchtern to its mouth in the Main atHanau.[2]: 36 It also includes the valleys of small streams feeding the Kinzig from the south like the Bieber or Orb. There is some overlap with the northwestern part of theVorspessart. The nameHochspessart is generally used for the central uplands of the range, stretching around 50 kilometres west to east and almost 100 kilometres north to south. The area contains around 70,000 hectares of forest, which was protected from logging during the Middle Ages due to its use as a hunting preserve.[2]: 60 Finally, the region between Gemünden, Wertheim, Miltenberg and Klingenberg is known asMainspessart.[2]: 96
The majornatural regions making up the Spessart are known asSandstein-Spessart andVorspessart.[5]
Parts of the Spessart lie within theMain-Kinzig district (Hesse) and the Bavarian districtsMain-Spessart,Aschaffenburg (city),Landkreis Aschaffenburg andMiltenberg.
According to a strictly geological definition, a small region south of the Main nearWertheim and another south ofGemünden can be considered part of the Spessart. That definition would mean that part of the Spessart lies in the state ofBaden-Württemberg.
The area within the triangleWürzburg-Wertheim-Gemünden is sometimes referred to asWürzburger Spessart.[1]: 8
The lowest strata of the Spessart are made up ofgneiss andmica schist, dating back around 1,200 million years. These rock types are most visible in theVorspessart. On top of this is theZechstein, dating to thePermian, found in a band stretching fromSailauf toEidengesäß and as an "island" in the area of the stream Bieber nearBiebergemünd, where it contained deposits ofsilver,copper,iron andcobalt.[1]: 9
The top layer of most of theHochspessart and southern Spessart is made up of a slab ofBuntsandstein or redsandstone, of up to 400 metres thickness. It dates back about 250 million years and is prevalent especially aroundMiltenberg. This is the best-known stone of the area, as it has been used in the past for many public buildings including the cathedrals of the Rhine valley, likeMainz Cathedral.[1]: 9 On the western edge of the range there is alsoloess, a wind-deposited sediment.[1]: 8
The area of theWürzburger Spessart is made up ofMuschelkalk, which provides better conditions for agriculture than the sandstone predominating in most of the Spessart proper.[1]: 8 However, the north-southrift that follows the river Main along the western leg of theMaindreieck does not match exactly the geological divide between the sandstone and the Muschelkalk. For around 60 kilometres the rift parallels the Main from Gemünden toTriefenstein. The hills east of the river thus resemble those of the Spessart geologically.[1]: 175
The climate of the area istemperateoceanic, featuring cool summers and relatively mild winters.[6] In the Main valley, the average yearly temperature is around 8 to 9 degrees Celsius. In the central massif (Hochspessart) it is 6 to 7 degrees.[6] The presence of extended woodlands results in high humidity and especially in the valleys there is often fog.[6] The largest amount of precipitation falls in the elevated region of theHochspessart, rising from the west to a maximum of 1,000 mm/year and then falling back on the lee side of the range (prevailing winds come from the west) to around 600 mm/year in the Main valley.[6] Depending on the elevation, about 15% to 20% of the annual precipitation falls as snow.[6] In theHochspessart there are around 70 to 80 days of snow, in theVorspessart and in the valleys of the Sinn andHafenlohr around 40 to 50 days and around 30 days in the Main valley.[6] A snow cover of 10 centimetres or more is relatively rare, prevailing on average on fewer than 10 days per year in the Main valley, 15 to 20 days in theVorspessart and 30 to 35 days in theHochspessart.[6]
A Germannature park (Naturpark) is a protected area, a sort ofnature preserve. TheSpessart Nature Park covers the most heavily woodedCentral Upland range in Germany.[7] There are no cities or large towns inside the park; instead they lie around the forested region.[7] The larger Bavarian part of the park was established in 1961 as the very first one within that state, the Hessian one followed in 1962.
TheBavarian Spessart Nature Park (Naturpark Bayerischer Spessart) measures 171,000 hectares in area and includes part of the southernRhön (north of Gemünden and east of the Sinn river) and extends to the southern side of the Main river betweenMarktheidenfeld andKarlstadt.[5] It features the largest continuousmixed forest in Germany.[2]: 60 TheHessian Spessart Nature Park (Naturpark Hessischer Spessart) covers 72,900 hectares and is bordered in the north by the valley of the Kinzig.
For the current national park controversy, see below.
In theVorspessartevergreens predominate, and meadows with scattered fruit trees (Streuobstwiesen) andwhitethorn are common.[2]: 16
In theHochspessart, around 85% of which is covered by forests,oaks andbeeches are most numerous.[2]: 16 The oldest trees are found in the nature preserves of Rohrberg (near Rohrbrunn) and Metzgergraben.[8]: 8
Like theVorspessart, theNordspessart also sports more evergreens, because the original tree cover there was largely gone by the 15th century as a result of the substantial fuel needs of the local glass foundry industry.[2]: 60
The Spessart provides a habitat for numerous species of animals.Deer,wild boars andfoxes are quite common. There are alsobadgers,raccoons,European wildcats,Eurasian lynx andmarten.[9] Thebeaver, although hunted to extinction in the region, has been successfully re-established since the 1980s along several river valleys (Hafenlohr, Sinn).
Several species of woodpecker are found in the Spessart: black, great spotted, middle spotted, green and grey-faced.[9]
The region has been inhabited since at least theBronze Age, although settlement of the higher elevations was slow and initially the population was concentrated in the valleys. Bronze Agetumuli have been found north ofAlzenau, nearGeiselbach andMömbris as well as near Pflaumheim, southwest of Aschaffenburg.[1]: 11 [10] Other tumuli were found nearKleinwallstadt, betweenElsenfeld and Eichelsbach, nearKlingenberg and on the Dürrenberg nearHeimbuchenthal.[10] The discovery of numerous prehistoric tools and weapons indicates that the Spessart was frequented by hunters, gatherers and fishers. These findings have been concentrated in the valley of the Kinzig, around Aschaffenburg, as well as in the valleys of theBieber, theLohr and theSinn rivers.[10] NearGoldbach, earlyIron Age artifacts have been found, attributed to theHallstatt culture.[1]: 11 Hill forts attributed inter alia toCelts of theLa Tène culture have been found on theSchanzenkopf near Wasserlos, on the Schloßberg near Soden/Sulzbach, on the Schanzkopf near Klingenberg and close to Miltenberg (Greinberg and Bürgstadter Berg, although the latter dates to the Urnfield period and/or even earlier Michelsberger culture). These fortified refuges or defended hill-top settlements were mostly built between 500 and 100 BC.[10]
Since the Spessart proper was not part of theRoman territory, the Romans left traces only in the northwest of the region. TheLimes met the Main river nearGroßkrotzenburg and the border then followed the river south all the way to Miltenberg. Largecastra were located atSeligenstadt,Stockstadt am Main,Niedernberg,Obernburg,Wörth,Trennfurt (near Klingenberg) and near Miltenberg.[10] The northern part of theVorspessart was kept uninhabited by the Romans as a "no man's land" and buffer zone between their border and the local tribes.[2]: 16
As the Roman empire collapsed, theBurgundians came to the Main valley from the northeast in the late 3rd century. In the 5th century they were in turn ousted by theAllemanni, coming from the south.[10] Aschaffenburg, Lohr and Gemünden were likely founded by them.[1]: 12 The Alemanni were then absorbed by theFranks moving into the region from theRhine. Graves dating to the 6th to 8th century were found near Obernburg,Mömlingen, Obernau and Aschaffenburg.[10]
Under the Franks, the Spessart was used for hunting byfreemen. During the reign ofCharlemagne, the forests of the Spessart were a royal hunting preserve and thus off-limits to others.[1]: 12 The uplands were only settled after abbeys/monasteries were established in the region. Besides theBenedictinians atAmorbach and Seligenstadt, the Benedictine abbey at Neustadt am Main was founded around 770.Kloster Neustadt received gifts of substantial woodlands from Charlemagne and was tasked by him withspreading Christianity in the region.[11] Around the year 800, Charlemagne hadSaxons settle in theVorspessart.[2]: 16
Subsequent efforts to settle the uplands were made by the inhabitants of villages around the periphery like Klingenberg, Miltenberg,Kreuzwertheim,Lohr or Gemünden. From the valley of the Sinn, theCounts of Rieneck and the Knights of the Thüngen family (atBurgsinn) also attempted to expand into the Spessart. However, their efforts were hindered by their insular position, sandwiched between the substantial holdings of the great ecclesial powers ofFulda,Würzburg andMainz. The latter acquired local influence not least via theKollegiatsstift Aschaffenburg, which had been gifted much of the previous royal hunting preserve in 974 byEmperor Otto II. In 982,Otto I, Duke of Swabia and Bavaria died and left his regional territories to Mainz, which eventually turned Aschaffenburg into a second princely residence. Settlement efforts also originated from the Kinzig valley, in particular from theKaiserpfalz at Gelnhausen (built underEmperor Friedrich Barbarossa in the 12th century).[11] Abbeys also continued to expand into the forest. Apart fromKloster Neustadt, there was anAugustinian priory atTriefenstein (Kloster Triefenstein [de]), founded in 1102.[1]: 12 [12]: 77
Much of the medieval activity inside the Spessart centred on hunting by nobles, however, including notably the Prince-Electors/Archbishops of Mainz. Between the 12th and the 15th century severalhunting lodges (Schöllkrippen, Wiesen,Rothenbuch, Bartelstein, Rohrbrunn) and moated castles (Burgsinn, Sommerau,Mespelbrunn) were constructed. To attract staff, the rulers provided land and cattle as well as forestry and fishing rights.[11] In the 13th and 14th century, the Archbishops of Mainz expanded their influence and territory in the region.[2]: 12 In the 14th century, they set up a system of local representatives (Forst- andBachhuben) who were in charge of supervising hunting and forestry (Forsthuben) or fishing and organising the rafting of logs downriver (Bachhuben). These positions were mostly filled with lesser nobles who built fortified houses (e.g. at Oberaulenbach nearEschau and at Sommerau).[11] In total there were 18 to 22 of theseHuben (orHufen, so called after an area of land that could be circuited on horseback in a given amount of time), located inter alia in Hösbach, Goldbach, Krausenbach, Obernau, Kleinostheim, Sailauf, Waldaschaff, Wintersbach and Heimbuchenthal.[1]: 13 The commoners employed by the absentee feudal lords lived in villages that took the typical form of stretching along a single main street which followed the valleys of little streams (Streifendörfer, today still visible at Hessenthal, Mespelbrunn, Heimbuchenthal or Wintersbach).[11] Settlers were granted a plot of land of around 100 metres width stretching from the road or stream in the middle of the valley up to the top of the ridges on either side of the valley. However, since the territory ruled by Mainz used an inheritance law that required the property to be split between all the sons of the deceased, the size of the holdings soon began to dwindle and often became too small to support families.[1]: 13
The Counts of Rieneck, originallyvogts in the service of the Archbishops of Mainz, later became their rivals in the struggle for the Spessart's resources. Until the family died out in 1543, the rivalry between Mainz and Rieneck dominated the area's history.[2]: 12
Although sparsely populated in the Middle Ages, the Spessart at the time was crossed by two important trading routes. One, known as theEselsweg ("donkey path") was used to transport salt (on the back of donkeys) from what is todayBad Orb to the Main nearGroßheubach where it was loaded on ships.[2]: 11 The other, theBirkenhainer Strasse, connected Hanau in the west to Gemünden in the east, cutting across the wide loop of the Main known asMainviereck. This route seems to have been in use as early asNeolithic times and was heavily frequented. The name probably derived from a grove ofbirch trees near Geiselbach.[1]: 36–37
A major regional industry in medieval and early modern times were glass foundries that made use of the abundant local supply of firewood (e.g. at Wiesthal, Weibersbrunn, Neuhütten, Heigenbrücken, Einsiedel and Heinrichsthal). Glass production then required an annual amount of wood roughly translating to 20 to 30 hectares of forest per foundry. By the early 15th century, the four foundries located in the territory controlled by Mainz produced around 230,000 pieces of blown glass and 3,000zentner of flat glass each year. Most of these enterprises were discontinued by the 18th and 19th century, however, having become uneconomical.[1]: 13 [12]: 42–3
Lowsoil quality and decreasing plot size made life hard for farmers in the higher elevations of the Spessart. Conditions became worse with the destruction and diseases brought by wars like theBauernkrieg in 1525, theSchmalkaldsche Krieg of 1546/47[13] and then theThirty Years' War in 1618-48. In the wake of the chaos of the Thirty Years' War, bands of brigands began to operate in the Spessart (Spessarträuber). Due to the area's low density of population, important trade routes passing through lonely forest territory and the Spessart's extremely fragmented political situation (there were at times 17 separate jurisdictions), banditry was a lucrative business. Although merchant "caravans" of up to 70 wagons banded together for mutual protection, bands of brigands repeatedly succeeded in spectacular raids that made them the terror of the region. Bandit activity again peaked in the early 19th century (1803–11), during theNapoleonic Wars and following the fall of theHoly Roman Empire. It was only after the end of the political fragmentation in the region that law and order were restored. The lastSpessarträuber were executed at Heidelberg in 1812.[2]: 60 [12]: 59
After the 17th century,Eisenhammer [de] ("iron hammers") were set up, using water power to createwrought iron. These early industrial establishments were at Laufach, Waldaschaff, Schafsteg, Höllhammer, Lichtenau and Wintersbach. The last of these still in operation is in the Haslochtal.[1]
The French invasion during theWar of the First Coalition again brought war to the Spessart in 1796.[13] In 1803, the ecclesial princedoms were abolished in theSecularization. The northern part of the Spessart, part of theGrafschaft Hanau, became part ofKurhessen, with the exception of Alzenau. After theCongress of Vienna of 1814/15, the former territories of Mainz and Würzburg became part of theKingdom of Bavaria.[1]: 12 In 1866, theKurfürstentum Hessen and with it the northern Spessart becamePrussian.[13] In 1854 the railway between Würzburg and Aschaffenburg was opened, replacing the post route in use since 1615 as the main thoroughfare through the hills.[12]: 5
InWorld War II, Aschaffenburg was severely hit by Allied air raids and further damaged by a siege.[13]
In the 1950s the Spessart section of theBundesautobahn 3 (or A3) was built, linking Würzburg and Aschaffenburg.[12]: 5
The Spessart is widely known for its legends, ghost stories and fairytales. The most important historical account of the legendaryJohann Georg Faust, namesake of the proverbialFaustian Bargain, was when he came to the small Spessart town ofGelnhausen in 1506. TheGrimm brothers spent their youth in the 1790s at nearbySteinau on the river Kinzig. Although they compiledGrimms' Fairy Tales, their world-famous collection of fairy tales, only in 1812 and after having moved toKassel, regional legends from their childhood did feature in that collection. Thus, the tale ofSnow White may have originated in the Spessart heartlands, with the town ofLohr pushing forward a substantial case for being the home and inspiration for the main characters and elements like the magic mirror. Along that line of interpretation, the seven dwarfs appearing in the story are actually based on stunted miners from theBieber region. Also the use of children for mining in very tight crawlspaces and the unhealthy working conditions often caused medieval and early modern miners to be stunted or otherwise deformed. Local glass production could have been the inspiration for the glass coffin featured in the fairy tale.[2]: 37 [8]: 80
Other popular characters from German folklore also appear prominently in legends from the region. In stark contrast to the Grimm brothers' version, the more rural, precarious lives of Spessart folks madeMother Hulda, generally a regular staple in middle German tales, a much more brutal and unfathomable figure, at times even resorting to killing people.[14] A similar female appearance is theAaleborgfraale (regional dialect for "Altenburg lady"), who is especially feared and revered by locals.[15] The most popular story is about her guarding a buried treasure chest in legendary "Altenburg" castle, that can only be retrieved by being absolutely silent during the process. If one fails to do so, by opening the wooden crate, he or she will not find treasures, but will face the harrowing image of theAaleborgfraale stepping out of the crate. As with Mother Hulda, the character is said to go back to pre-Christian times in the Bronze Age.[16]
Many of the lesser-known Spessart tales that were passed down till today have been collected by local teacher and ethnologist Valentin Pfeiffer (1886–1964). His bookSpessart-Sagen ("Spessart legends") has been reprinted 17 times.
The Spessart is the point for departure for the protagonist of what is widely regarded as the first major German novel,Simplicius Simplicissimus, written in 1668 byHans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen, and vividly depicting the social consequences of theThirty Years' War. Probably even more important in shaping public perceptions of the region has beenWilhelm Hauff's novellaDas Wirtshaus im Spessart ("The Spessart Inn"). It features aframe story involving a romantic tale of theSpessarträuber. DirectorKurt Hoffmann turned Hauff's novella into a very successful film in 1957. It starredLiselotte Pulver and was shot on location at Mespelbrunn Castle and Miltenberg. The filmThe Spessart Inn spawned two sequelsThe Haunted Castle (1960) andGlorious Times at the Spessart Inn (1967).
The Spessart features one officially recognisedspa town, Bad Orb, as well as a number of climatic spas (Luftkurorte), like Heigenbrücken, where visitors benefit from the high air quality.[1]: 17
Hiking has long been a major tourist attraction in the Spessart.[1]: 33 Two notable long-distance trails follow the historic routes of theBirkenhainer Strasse and theEselsweg, but there are several others like theSchneewittchen-Wanderweg ("Snow White Trail") from Lohr to Bieber or theFränkischer Rotwein-Wanderweg ("Franconian Red Wine Trail"). There is an extensive network of signposted hiking trails in the Spessart. In a recent update of the signposts, 4,300 kilometres of trails were upgraded in the Bavarian Spessart alone.[17] TheSpessartbund, in charge of most of the major trails, was founded back in 1913, although its roots go back to the 19th century. Local municipalities have also created shorter trails. More recently, Nordic walking and bike trails have been added.[2]: 9–11
In July 2016, Bavarian minister presidentHorst Seehofer announced his intention to create a thirdnational park in the state, afterBavarian Forest National Park andBerchtesgaden National Park. The potential candidates were the Bavarian Rhön, the Donau-Auen and the Spessart. According to the Bavarian minister for the environment,Ulrike Scharf, in the Spessart around 10,900 hectares of forest (or around 10% of the Bavarian Spessart's wooded area) would be turned into a national park, which would put strict limits on the commercial use of the area. The rest of the forest would be unaffected. All of the land area would be state-owned, no private land would be included.[18]
However, a controversy soon erupted about the plan. Critics argued that they would lose the right to access water sources on public land, that the zones of strict environmental protection would result in the uncontrolled spread of pests such as theBark beetle or of wild boars and wolves. In addition, many local property owners currently enjoy rights, sometimes dating back to the Middle Ages, to harvest wood in state-owned forests. This sideline in forestry business has long been a source of fuel, timber and income for many.[18]
CSU Member of theLandtagPeter Winter [de] founded theassociationWir im Spessart to oppose the plan. In a short time he was able to collect over 7,000 signatures against the national park. Local farmer associations and hunting groups joined the cause. Residents have protested against the plan by posting signs, attending demonstrations and organizing local referendums.[18][19]
Support for the plan came from environmentalists, as well as from many forestry workers, who argued that many of the concerns advanced by the critics were misplaced or exaggerated.[20]
The protests by local property owners/residents against the plan were ultimately successful. In July 2017, the Bavarian state government officially announced that plans for a national park in the Spessart would not be pursued further. The reason given was that no private property rights should be infringed in creating a national park.[21]
TheIntercity-Express (ICE) route from Frankfurt to Würzburg crosses the Spessart west to east from Aschaffenburg toLohr. This route is also known as theMain-Spessart-Bahn. There has been recent modernization on this route, with the oldSpessart ramp and the Schwarzkopf Tunnel being replaced with a series of new tunnels betweenLaufach andHeigenbrücken. The ICE route from Fulda to Würzburg runs down the Sinn valley and joins the Frankfurt track south of Gemünden. A lesser train route (Maintalbahn) follows the Main river from Aschaffenburg to Wertheim via Miltenberg.[22]
TheBundesautobahn 3 (or A3), a major west-east route, crosses the Spessart between Aschaffenburg and a point to the northeast of Wertheim. The other major roads are theBundesstrassen 26 (Aschaffenburg-Lohr) and 276 (Wächtersbach-Lohr). In the Spessart, theB8 today follows the route of the A3.[23]
Sandstone provides poor conditions for cattle raising or farming. As a consequence, these activities are concentrated in the loess-covered areas in the west and around Marktheidenfeld. However, wine growing and fruit orchards have proved more successful in the west and northwest (Kahlgrund, Obernburg, Klingenberg, Großheubach) and on the southern edge of theMainspessart.[13] The vineyards around Kahl are Bavaria's most northerly wine growing region.[2]: 16 The Muschelkalk makes theWürzburger Spessart somewhat better suited for agriculture.Wheat as well as wine thrive there and in the area around Homburg (now part of Triefenstein) grow some of the best-knownappellations of theMainfranken region.[1]: 175
The main asset of the Spessart region remain its forests.[1]: 13 Besides attracting tourists to the area, there are substantial forestry businesses, for example at Burgsinn and theFürstlich Löwensteinscher Park [de], a privately owned woodland. The forests of the Spessart are known for the quality of their wood. The brown "Spessart Oak", in particular, is renowned for its tight, straight grain; it is used for fine furniture,millwork, and flooring.[24] The forests also provide game/hunting, wild berries and mushrooms.[2]: 16 However, shipbuilding which used to be a major industry in some towns along the Main, lost its local importance with the advent of ships built from metal rather than wood.[25]: 274 One shipyard is still active at Erlenbach am Main.
Mining was never an important activity in the Spessart. Copper mining near Schöllkrippen (Sommerkahl) has long been discontinued as has the strip mining oflignite in theNordspessart near Kahl.[1]: 14 [13] Mining used to be important in the area around Biebergemünd, but ceased in the 1920s.[26]
Quarrying of sandstone, a major industry in medieval and early modern times concentrated on Miltenberg, Fechenbach and Reistenhausen, has largely been ended.[1]: 14
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