| Spectacled flying fox | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Male, female, and their young | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| Family: | Pteropodidae |
| Genus: | Pteropus |
| Species: | P. conspicillatus |
| Binomial name | |
| Pteropus conspicillatus Gould, 1850 | |
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| Distribution of the spectacled flying fox | |
Thespectacled flying fox (Pteropus conspicillatus), also known as thespectacled fruit bat, is amegabat that lives in Australia's north-eastern regions ofQueensland. It is also found inNew Guinea and on the offshore islands includingWoodlark Island,Alcester Island,Kiriwina, andHalmahera.
The spectacled flying fox was listed as athreatened species under theEnvironment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. They were considered vulnerable due to a significant decline in numbers as a result of loss of their prime feeding habitat and secluded camp sites. It has also been reported that spectacled flying foxes skim over the surface of water to drink and are sometimes eaten bycrocodiles.[3] The species was classified asendangered by theIUCN in 2020.[1]
In February 2019, the Australian government upgraded the threatened status from vulnerable to endangered, after almost a third of the bat population died in a severe heatwave in Queensland in late 2018.[4]
The head and body length is 22–25 cm, forearm 16–18 cm, weight 400–1000 g. A large spectacledflying fox has pale yellow or straw-colored fur around its eyes. The mantle is pale yellow and goes across the back, neck, and shoulders. Some have pale yellow fur on the face and top of the head.
Spectacled flying foxes are forest dwellers and rainforests are their preferred habitat. They prefer to roost in the middle and upper canopy strata in the full sun. Colonies of the spectacled flying fox can be found inrain forests,mangroves, andpaperbark andeucalypt forests.[3] There is evidence of increasingurbanisation.[5]
The spectacled flying fox's natural diet is rainforest fruits, riparian zone flowers, and flowers from Myrtaceae (primarilyEucalyptus andSyzygium species) and fruits from the Moraceae (figs) andMyrtaceae (primarily Syzygium).[6][7]
Spectacled flying foxes have one pup annually. Females are capable of breeding at one year of age.[8] Males probably do not breed until three to four years of age. They are polygamous (similar to thegrey-headed flying fox,Pteropus poliocephalus). Female to male ratio may be as high as 2:1.[8] Conception occurs April to May. Sexual activity is continuous from about January to June. Females give birth to one young per year in October to December. Juveniles are nursed for over five months, and on weaning, congregate in nursery trees in the colony. The juveniles fly out for increasing distances with the colony at night and are 'parked' in nursery trees, often kilometres distant from the colony, and are brought back to the colony in the morning.[9]
Spectacled flying foxes typically live to be around 12 to 15 years old, but in captivity can exceed 30 years of age. Natural causes of mortality include predation mainly byrufous owls,Freshwater crocodiles, andolive pythons, death by paralysis tick when bats climb low to the ground to feed, and the death of babies that are born too early when either something goes wrong in the fetus' development, or the mother suffers from prolonged stress. Flying foxes are also frequently killed in human-related incidents such as landing on power lines, and getting entangled in nets or barbed wire.[10][11] Most wild flying foxes are assumed to live much shorter lives.[8]
In 2012, theQueensland Government reintroduced the issuing of permits which allows farmers and fruit-growers (with permits)to kill limited numbers of flying foxes in order to protect crops.[12][13] The shooting of bats had been banned by the previous Qld Labor government after advice from the Qld Animal Welfare Advisory Committee (AWAC) that the practice was inhumane.
In February 2019, theAustralian Department of the Environment and Energy announced that the national status of the spectacled flying fox was going to be revised from vulnerable to endangered. This was in response to heat waves in the 2018-19 summer that resulted inmass die-offs of the species, resulting in the deaths of over 20,000 individuals. It is estimated that a third of its total population was lost during the extreme heat waves.Humane Society International had nominated the species for an endangered listing some years earlier.[4][14]
