ꦫꦱꦱꦸꦏꦔꦺꦱ꧀ꦛꦶꦥꦿꦗ꧈ ꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠꦠꦿꦸꦱ꧀ꦩꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦫꦶ Rasa Suka Ngèsthi Praja, Yogyakarta Trus Mandhiri (Javanese) "With a Sense of Joy in Building the Special Region of Yogyakarta Which is Good and Safe and Continues to Stand Tall" Slogan:Jogja Istimewa (Indonesian) "Jogja is (so) special"
Co-ruled by theYogyakarta Sultanate and theDuchy of Pakualaman, the region is the only officially recognizeddiarchy within thegovernment of Indonesia. Thecity of Yogyakarta is a popular tourist destination and cultural center of the region. The Yogyakarta Sultanate was established in 1755 and provided unwavering support for Indonesia's independence during theIndonesian National Revolution (1945–1949). As a first-level division in Indonesia, Yogyakarta is governed by SultanHamengkubuwono X as the governor and DukePaku Alam X as the vice governor. With a land area of just 3,170.645 km2, it is the second-smallest province-level entity of Indonesia afterJakarta.[12]
In Javanese, it is pronounced[joɡjaˈkartɔ], and named after the city ofAyodhya in Javanese-Hindu mythology.[13] TheDutch name of the Special Region isDjokjakarta.
Yogyakarta has many alternative names, mostly written and pronounced as "Jogjakarta" or "Jogja" and sometimes written as "Ngayogyakarta", which are determined as common mistakes. Although the official name is "Yogyakarta", the alternative name, "Jogja" is more popular than the official name (even the government uses the alternative name for tourism), mainly because it is easier to pronounce than the official one.[14][15][16]
The Sultanate has existed in various forms and survived through the rule of the Dutch and the 1942 invasion of theDutch East Indies by theEmpire of Japan. In August 1945 Indonesia's first president,Sukarno proclaimed the independence of theIndonesian Republic, and by September of that year, SultanHamengkubuwono IX and DukeSri Paku Alam VIII had sent letters to Sukarno expressing their support for the newly born nation of Indonesia, in which they acknowledged the Yogyakarta Sultanate as part of the Indonesian Republic. TheSunanate of Surakarta did the same, and both of theJavanese kingdoms were awarded special status as special regions within the Indonesian Republic. However, due to a leftist anti-royalist uprising inSurakarta, theSunanate of Surakarta lost its special administrative status in 1946 and was absorbed into the province ofCentral Java.
Yogyakarta's overwhelming support and the Sultan's patriotism were essential in the Indonesian struggle for independence during theIndonesian National Revolution (1945–1949). The city of Yogyakarta became the capital of theIndonesian Republic from January 1946 to December 1948 after the fall ofJakarta to theDutch. Later, theDutch also invaded Yogyakarta causing the Indonesian Republic's capital to be transferred again toBukittinggi inWest Sumatra on 19 December 1948. In return for Yogyakarta's support, the declaration of Special Authority over Yogyakarta was granted in full in 1950 and Yogyakarta was given the status of a Special Administrative Region, making Yogyakarta the only region headed by a monarchy inIndonesia. During the early days after its independence, there had been similar regions led by monarchs, such as theSpecial Region of Surakarta (province-level) and theSpecial Region of Kutai (regency-level).
The Special Region was struck bya 6.3-magnitude earthquake on 27 May 2006, killing 5,782 people, injuring approximately 36,000, and leaving 600,000 people homeless.[17] The region ofBantul suffered the most damage and deaths.
The Special Region is located near the southern coast of Java, surrounded on three sides by the province ofCentral Java, and with theIndian Ocean on the south side. The population at the 2010 Census was 3,457,491 people,[18] which then increased to 3,668,719 at the 2020 Census;[19] the official estimate for mid-2024 was 3,759,500 (comprising 1,860,120 males and 1,899,380 females).[1] It has an area of 3,170.645 km2, making it the second-smallest area of the provinces in Indonesia, after theJakarta Capital Region. Along with surrounding areas in Central Java, it has some of the highest population densities of Java.
Mount Merapi is located to the immediate north of the city of Yogyakarta andSleman Regency. It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548. It last erupted in October–November 2010, killing and injuring many people and temporarily displacing approximately 100,000 residents.[20][21]
Indonesia has several geo-heritage sites in the Yogyakarta Special Region. It has been declared by the Geological Agency of theMinistry of Energy and Mineral Resources. The sites consist of nine sites: Eocene limestone in Gamping (Sleman Regency), pillow lava in Berbah (Sleman), pre-historic volcanic sediment in Candi Ijo, Prambanan (Sleman), dunes in Parangtritis Beach (Bantul Regency), Kiskendo cave, and former manganese mining site in Kleripan (Kulonprogo regency), the prehistoric volcano in Nglanggeran (Gunungkidul regency), Wediombo-Siung beaches (Gunungkidul) and Bioturbasi site in Kalingalang (Gunungkidul). The most unusual one is pillow lava in Berbah (Sleman) which is a big, rough black rock that lies on the bank of the narrow Dengkeng River. The prehistoric volcano in Nglanggeran (Gunungkidul Regency) has already been developed as a tourist destination.
The Special Region of Yogyakarta'sparliament (DPRD) building
According to Act No. 22 of 1948 (which is also the basis of Act No. 3 of 1950 on the formation of DIY), the Head and Vice Head of the Special Region are appointed by thepresident from the descendants of the ruling family in the region before Indonesian independence with the conditions of "skill, honesty, and loyalty, and keeping in mind the customs of the area." Thus, the Head of the Special Region, until 1988, was automatically held by the reigning Sultan of Yogyakarta, and the Vice Head of the Special Region, until 1998, was automatically held by Prince Paku Alam who was on the throne. The nomenclature of the Governor and Vice Governor of the Special Region has only been used since 1999 with the issuance of Act No. 22 of 1999. Since 2012, the mechanism for filling the positions of Governor and Vice Governor of DIY is regulated by Act No. 13 of 2012 on the Uniqueness of the Special Region of Yogyakarta.[22]
The Special Region of Yogyakarta (provincial level) is subdivided into fourregencies (kabupaten) and onecity (kota), and divided further into districts (kapanewon orkemantren in the city of Yogyakarta) and villages (ruralkalurahan or urbankelurahan,doublet); these are listed below, with their areas and their population at the 2000, 2010[18] and 2020[19] Censuses, with their official estimates as at mid-2024.[1]
Located within the Special Region of Yogyakarta, thecity of Yogyakarta is known as a center of classical Javanese fine art and culture, such asbatik, ballet, drama, music, poetry, andshadow puppetry. It is also one of Indonesia's most renowned centres of higher education. At the city's core is the Sultan'spalace, theKraton. While the city sprawls outward in all directions from the Kraton, the "modern" centre of the city is located to the north.
The Special Region forms one of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to thePeople's Representative Council. TheYogyakarta S.R. Electoral District consists of all of the 4 regencies in the province, together with the city of Yogyakarta, and elects 8 members to the People's Representative Council.[25]
Aside fromIndonesian,Javanese, spoken by the vast majority as their native language in the region, is also designated as the official language of the Special Region of Yogyakarta under Yogyakarta Special Region Regulation Number 2 of 2021.[26]
Yogyakarta is considered one of the major hubs that link the west–east main railway route in Java island. Yogyakarta Station is the main train station located in the center, and Lempuyangan Station is the second train station in the city. The two stations have their schedule to and from other cities on Java island. ThePrambanan Express commuter rail service operates west of Yogyakarta Station across Kulonprogo Regency to Purworejo, andKAI Commuter Yogyakarta Line electric commuter rail system operates from east of the station to Surakarta. To the south, in the Bantul region, is the Giwangan bus station, one of the largest bus stations in Indonesia. The Yogyakarta metropolitan centre is surrounded by a ring road.
In 2008, the government of the Special Region of Yogyakarta launched abus rapid transit system, theTrans Jogja, which connects places in and around Yogyakarta City, including the airport and thePrambanan temple. Today,[when?] Trans Jogja has reached other points in the south side of the city.[28]
Yogyakarta is home to more than one hundred institutions of higher education in Indonesia, the highest number of any province in Indonesia,[29] hence its nickname of "Kota Pelajar" ("The City of Students").
Yogyakarta is the home of the first established state university in Indonesia,Gadjah Mada University.
^"Raffles and the British Invasion of Java," Tim Hannigan, Monsoon Books, 2012,ISBN9789814358866,.. Its full formal name was Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat. Like the Thai town of Ayutthaya, Yogyakarta was named for Ayodhya, the mythical birthplace of the Hindu god Rama ..
^Law No. 7/2017 (UU No. 7 Tahun 2017) as amended by Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/2022 and Regulation of General Elections Commission No. 6/2023.
Regional Office of the Department of Tourism, Post and Telecommunication for the Special Region of Yogyakarta. (1997)Guide To Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta: Department of Tourism, Post and Telecommunication.
Ricklefs, M.C. (2001)A history of modern Indonesia since c.1200 (3rd ed.). Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 126–139, 269–271.ISBN0-8047-4480-7
Ricklefs, M.C. (1974)Jogjakarta under Sultan Mangkubumi, 1749–1792: A history of the division of Java. London Oriental Series, vol. 30. London: Oxford University Press, (Revised Indonesian edition 2002)
Soemanto, Bakdi (1992)Cerita Rakyat dari Yogyakarta Jakarta: Grasindo (In Indonesian)
Soemardjan, S. (1962)Social Changes in Yogyakarta, Ithaca, N.Y. Cornell University Press.
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