States of the United States of America

State	Date criminalized	Date re-criminalized
Alabama	August 15, 1565 - January 1, 1980	July 1, 2014
Alaska	July 9, 1799 - January 1, 1980	July 1, 2010
Arizona	September 26, 1539 - May 8, 2001	August 12, 2006
Arkansas	August 4, 1541 - November 30, 1803	March 10, 1804
California	July 1, 1769
Colorado	January 6, 1776 - July 1, 1972 July 1, 2007
Connecticut	December 1, 1642 - July 1, 1971	October 1, 1971
Delaware	September 22, 1676 - November 21, 1704	March 5, 1719	July 12, 2006
District of Columbia	May 24, 1610 June 20, 1632	June 22, 1874 - November 16, 1897	April 29, 2004 -January 12, 2024
Florida	August 28, 1565 - July 1, 1975	October 1, 2011
Georgia	August 20, 1566 - July 21, 1686	December 19, 1816
Hawaii	June 7, 2021
Idaho	March 30, 1972
Illinois	January 1, 2003
Indiana	July 1, 2007
Iowa	July 1, 2001
Kansas	January 30, 1855
Kentucky	June 27, 2019
Louisiana	May 4, 1805
Maine	September 21, 2001
Maryland	June 20, 1632 December 28, 1793 (codified)
Massachusetts	December 10, 1641
Michigan	October 20, 1673 - October 7, 1763 (codified as the Pays d’en Haut region, which was part of the French colony ofCanada) October 7, 1763 - 1810 (common law; as part of theIndian Reserve, theProvince of Quebec, theNorthwest Territory andMichigan Territory) 1810 (codified as theMichigan Territory)
Minnesota	January 1, 1968
Mississippi	February 15, 1799 May 1, 1839
Missouri	August 28, 2002
Montana	May 26, 1864 January 1, 1974
Nebraska	September 1, 2009
Nevada	October 1, 2017
New Hampshire	January 1, 2017
New Jersey	November 9, 2015
New Mexico	June 16, 2023
New York	April 11, 1641 October 17, 1664 December 1, 1881
North Carolina	1715
North Dakota	January 1, 1975
Ohio	March 21, 2017
Oklahoma	May 2, 1890
Oregon	January 1, 2002
Pennsylvania	August 17, 1999
Rhode Island	March 1, 1647
South Carolina	March 1, 1663
South Dakota	July 1, 2003
Tennessee	July 1, 2007
Texas	September 1, 2017
Utah	May 3, 1999
Vermont	July 1, 2006
Virginia[A]	May 24, 1610
Washington	June 7, 2006
West Virginia	N/A
Wisconsin
Wyoming	Jul 1, 2021

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Constitutional bans on same-sex unions were advocated in response to the legalization of same-sex marriage in other jurisdictions, notablyCanada andMassachusetts.

The ten U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex marriage only were crafted specifically not to ban non-marriage same-sex unions. According toNate Silver, amendments that ban civil unions and civil union equivalents in addition ban same-sex marriage perform about 7% worse at the voting booth than those that ban same-sex marriage only. The lack of restrictions on civil unions and civil union equivalents may have played a role in garnering broader support for the amendments. By not addressing civil unions and civil union equivalents directly, the amendment could appeal to voters who were against same-sex marriage but might have been more ambivalent or supportive of civil unions and civil union equivalents.

This strategic focus likely helped to consolidate a larger base of support among conservative voters and those who were undecided or moderate on the issue of civil unions and civil union equivalents. The emphasis on defining marriage while leaving civil unions and civil union equivalents less unaddressed was a common approach to maximize voter support and ensure the passage of these amendments. Overall, the decision not to restrict civil unions and civil union equivalents may have been a tactical move that contributed to the successful passage of the amendment by focusing the debate on marriage itself and avoiding additional controversy that could arise from addressing civil unions and civil union equivalents. According toGPT-4o, on average, U.S. state constitutional amendments banning both same-sex marriage and civil unions and civil union equivalents tend to receive about 5-10% less support compared to those banning only same-sex marriage. This difference reflects the more nuanced views of voters who may oppose same-sex marriage but are willing to accept civil unions and civil union equivalents as a compromise.

Of the ten U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex marriage only, only California had legalized same-sex marriage and domestic partnerships prior to the ban, as Proposition 8 had qualified for the ballot prior to legalization of same-sex marriage in California. This gave California the unique status of voting on either keeping same-sex marriage and domestic partnerships legal or constitutionally banning same-sex marriage and keeping domestic partnerships legal, which allowed proponents of Proposition 8 to successfully argue the latter. GPT-4o conservatively estimates that this argument influenced approximately 2-5% of the total voters for Proposition 8, helping to secure the narrow margin needed for its passage. This means that without the existence of domestic partnerships, Proposition 8 might have faced a more challenging path to passage and could potentially have been defeated. California was the only state to partially supersede astate supreme court decision legalizing same-sex marriage by constitutionally banning same-sex marriage after legalizing it, along with being the first jurisdiction in the world to overturn same-sex marriage legalization and only jurisdiction to constitutionally ban same-sex marriage after legalizing it.

Of the ten U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex marriage, three^[1] states did not recognize same-sex marriage, but had no statute banning same-sex marriage prior. Due to legislative inaction banning or legalizing same-sex marriage, this lead to same-sex marriage opponents bypassing the state legislatures and putting on the ballot and successfully passinginitiated state constitutional amendments banning same-sex marriage in both states. Of the twenty U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex marriage and civil unions and civil union equivalents, Nebraska did not recognize same-sex marriage, but had no statute banning same-sex marriage prior. Due to theNebraska Legislature's inaction banning or legalizing same-sex marriage, this lead to same-sex marriage opponents bypassing the Nebraska Legislature and putting on the ballot and successfully passingNebraska Initiative 416, an initiated state constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage and civil unions and civil union equivalents.

Some amendments and some proposed amendments forbade a state from recognizing even non-maritalcivil unions anddomestic partnerships, while others explicitly allowed for same-sex unions that were not called "marriages".

Such amendments had two main purposes:

• Preempting a state judiciary from interpreting their state's constitution to require legalization of same-sex marriage or other same-sex unions or recognizing same-sex marriages or other same-sex unions that were legally performed in other jurisdictions. The following states enacted state constitutional amendments banning same-sex marriage during pending state judicial litigation over the constitutionality of same-sex marriage:
  • Hawaii –Baehr v. Miike was filed on May 1, 1991, Constitutional Amendment 2 took effect on November 3, 1998 and the case was dismissed on December 9, 1999.
  • Alaska –Brause v. Bureau of Vital Statistics was filed in 1995, Ballot Measure 2 took effect on December 31, 1998 and the case was dismissed on April 17, 2001.
  • Oregon –Li v. Oregon was filed on March 24, 2004, Ballot Measure 36 took effect on December 2, 2004 and the case was decided on April 14, 2005.
  • North Carolina – After theNorth Carolina General Assembly put Amendment 1 on the ballot,Thigpen v. Cooper was filed on December 8, 2011, Amendment 1 took effect on May 23, 2012 and the case was dismissed on April 5, 2012.
• Preempting a state legislature from legalizing same-sex unions. Examples include:
  • California – In 2005 and 2007, theCalifornia State Legislature passed bills legalizing same-sex marriage, both of which were vetoed, which prompted opponents of same-sex marriage to successfully pass Proposition 8 in order to preempt the California State Legislature and California Governor from legalizing same-sex marriage in the future.
  • Minnesota – After Minnesota Amendment 1 failed to pass, in 2013 theMinnesota Legislature passed a bill legalizing same-sex marriage

In 2005 and 2007, theCalifornia State Legislature passed bills legalizing same-sex marriage, both of which were vetoed, which prompted opponents of same-sex marriage to successfully pass Proposition 8 in order to preempt the California State Legislature and California Governor from legalizing same-sex marriage in the future.

• • California – The decision in the case ofIn re Marriage Cases took effect on June 16, 2008 and Proposition 8 would partially superseded the decision when it took effect on November 5, 2008.

Some proponents of such amendments feared that states would be forced to recognize same-sex marriages celebrated in other jurisdictions. They pointed to thefull faith and credit clause, which requires each state to recognize the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of each other state. On the other hand, opponents argued that state constitutional amendments would do nothing to resolve this perceived problem. Traditionally, courts have held that a state is free to decline to recognize a marriage celebrated elsewhere if the marriage violates the state's strong public policy. (§134 of the First Restatement of Conflicts, on Marriage and Legitimacy (1934)). That tradition was broken in 1967 with theLoving v. Virginia case decided by a unanimous Supreme Court, which confirmed that the full faith and credit clause did require recognition of all legal marriages. Similarly, inObergefell v. Hodges the Supreme Court ruled that thefederal constitution required state recognition of same-sex marriages. All state constitutions are trumped by the federal constitution due to thesupremacy clause.

State referendums on constitutional bans of same-sex unions have at times been accused of having been used as a "get-out-the-vote" tactic by someRepublicans and social conservatives.^[2][3] When voters see that a particularlegislative initiative appears on the ballot, they are thought to feel more motivated to turn out to vote, enhancing ballot numbers for other candidates and issues of their party. The presence of these amendments on state ballots has been credited by some as supposedly providing a boost to Republicans in the 2004 election, and the 2004 Ohio amendment in particular has been cited as aiding PresidentGeorge W. Bush's reelection campaign by motivatingevangelical social conservatives in the state to go to the polls.^[2][4] PresidentGeorge W. Bush's close political consultant,Karl Rove, has been an enthusiastic proponent and organizer of legislation banning same-sex unions.

After the2006 elections some activists argued that such referendums were starting to lose their potential to mobilize conservative voters. Kevin Cathcart, director ofLambda Legal pointed to the narrow defeat of Arizona'sProposition 107, which would have rendered civil unions as well as same-sex marriage unconstitutional.^[5] Nevertheless, that same election saw seven such amendments pass; these seven included an amendment in Virginia which banned civil unions as well as same-sex marriages.^[6]

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U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions were advocated in response to the cases of

Baehr v. Miike,Brause v. AlaskaBaker v. VermontGoodridge v. Department of Public HealthPerdue v. O'KelleyIn re Marriage CasesKerrigan v. Commissioner of Public HealthVarnum v. BrienGarden State Equality v. DowGriego v. Oliver

were advocated in response to the legalization of same-sex marriage in other jurisdictions, notablyCanada andMassachusetts.

Such amendments had three main purposes:

• Preempt the state judiciary from requiring the state to legally recognize same-sex marriages or civil unions or civil union equivalents
• Preempt a state judiciary from recognizing same-sex marriages that were legally performed in other jurisdictions, both interstate and foreign.
• Preempt thestate legislature from enacting a statute legalizing same-sex marriages or civil unions or civil union equivalents.

Throughout this article, when I refer to the insulation of state marriage policyfrom judicial review, it should be noted that this is a reference to review on stateconstitutional grounds. The inability of a state constitutional amendment to insulate statelaw from federal constitutional (or statutory) review highlights the additional need forsome form of federal constitutional amendment in order to completely safeguard the powerof states to retain a traditional definition of marriage.

When Vermont formally segregated the legal status of marriage andthe legal incidents of marriage, those drafting marriage amendmentsbegan seeking ways to address this new development. As a spokesmanfor the Nebraska amendment campaign told The New York Times,“Because of the action in Vermont, we really feel we’ve been forced toadopt this language to close this loophole.” 47 In 2000, Nebraska becamethe first state to consider and approve a marriage amendment whichboth defines marriage and explicitly limits the marriage-like recognitionof other relationships.

After theBaker v. Vermont decision and legalization of civil unions in Vermont,

Read in the context of North Carolina law on contracts between unmarried couples, thepurpose of the second sentence of Amendment One seems to be to make clear that while theamendment prohibits state-authorized marriages and unions between individuals of the samesex, it does not change North Carolina law governing agreements between cohabiting, unmar-ried couples. Without the second sentence, Amendment One could be read as overturning theresults in the Rhue, Suggs, and Collins cases.

As a result of the second sentence, Amendment

One does not prohibit two same-sex individuals or two opposite-sex unmarried individualsfrom entering into legally binding agreements with one another with respect to joint finan-cial obligations, joint ownership of property, and disposition of such property under specifiedcircumstances. The amendment further allows courts to continue to decide cases based on suchagreements.

Of the 31 U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions, 20 banned same-sex marriage and civil unions and civil union equivalents, 10 banned same-sex marriage only, 2 banned same-sex marriage, civil unions and civil union equivalents and other contracts and 1 grants thestate legislature the authority to ban same-sex marriage statutorily. Along with this, 2 U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions also constitutionally protect same-sex and opposite-sexprenuptial agreements and 1 criminalized knowingly issuing a same-sex marriage marriage license as amisdemeanor, but this was never enforced.

Of the 10 U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex marriage, only California had legalized same-sex marriage and domestic partnerships prior.

California was unique among any U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex marriage, as same-sex marriage and domestic partnerships were both legal prior.

Of the 10 U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex marriage, only California had legalized same-sex marriage and domestic partnerships prior.

California, Nebraska, Nevada, Oregon

Oregon was written specifically to not address civil unions,

banned civil unions as well as same-sex marriage.[7]

Two marriage amendments differed greatly from all others: Hawaii's and Virginia's. The former gave the Hawaii state legislature the authority to ban same-sex marriages but did not explicitly make such unions unconstitutional. Virginia's amendment not only banned same-sex marriage and civil unions, but arguably rendered any state recognition of private contracts entered into by unmarried couples unconstitutional.^[8]

• Second Italo-Senussi War / Second Italo-Ethiopian War / Greco–Italian War / Italian participation on the Eastern Front / Italian campaign (World War II) - Mussolini: The Untold Story
• Battle of the Atlantic - Das Boot (The Boat)
• Battle of Moscow - У твоего порога (At Your Doorstep)
• Battle of Stalingrad - Stalingrad (1993 film)
• Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse - The Thin Red Line (1998 film)
• Kuban bridgehead - Cross of Iron
• Belarusian resistance during World War II - Come and See
• Battle of Kursk / Lower Dnieper Offensive / Operation Bagration / Vistula–Oder Offensive / Battle of Berlin - Liberation (film series)
• Spanish Maquis - Pan's Labyrinth
• Normandy landings - The Longest Day (film)
• Operation Market Garden - A Bridge Too Far
• Gothic Line Offensive - Miracle at St. Anna
• Battle of Iwo Jima - Letters from Iwo Jima
• Battle of Berlin - Downfall (2004 film)
• Battle of Okinawa - Hacksaw Ridge

In 2006, Amendment 3 was adopted, making the threshold for approval at 60% of the electorate. On November 4, 2008, according to election reports that late evening via theSt. Petersburg Times, Amendment 2 had passed.^[9]

The amendment, which took effect on January 6, 2009, amended Article I of theConstitution of Florida, which added Section 27. Marriage defined., which constitutionally banned same-sex marriages, which was statutorily banned since 1977, and civil unions, which were never recognized by the state. This preempted the state judiciary from requiring the state to legally recognize same-sex marriages or civil unions and preempted theFlorida Legislature from enacting a statute legalizing same-sex marriages or civil unions.

. The amendment preempted state judiciary from striking down the bans on same-sex marriage and preempted the Arizona State Legislature from enacting a statute legalizing same-sex marriage. Another effect was the difficulty of repealing the amendment, as only aninitiated orlegislatively referred constitutional amendment or aconstitutional convention could repeal it.

The amendment amended theConstitution of Florida, which constitutionally banned same-sex marriage and civil unions.

In 1975, Arizona statutorily banned same-sex marriage.

Arizona Proposition 102 was alegislatively referred constitutional amendment that was placed as anArizona ballot proposition on the ballot of the2008 United States elections, where it was voted on, approved and took effect on November 4, 2008.

The proposition, which took effect November 4, 2008, amended theArizona State Constitution to add ARTICLE XXX. MARRIAGE, Section 1. Marriage, which constitutionally banned same-sex marriage. The amendment preempted state judiciary from striking down the bans on same-sex marriage and preempted the Arizona State Legislature from enacting a statute legalizing same-sex marriage. Another effect was the difficulty of repealing the amendment, as only aninitiated orlegislatively referred constitutional amendment or aconstitutional convention could repeal it.

On November 4, 2008, at 7:00 pm MT, polls closed and at 10:33 pm MT,The Associated Press projected that Proposition 102 had passed.^{[10][11][12][13][14]}

Legally it hadnot impact as same-sex marriage was already banned.

carried no immediate practical impact since same-sex marriage already is banned under a 1996 Arizona law. Supporters said adding the ban to the constitution would prevent judges from one day overturning that law.

Supporters of Proposition 102 argued that constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage was necessary to prevent statutory legislation or judicial rulings from overturning the statutory ban on same-sex marriage and citedstate supreme court rulings in the cases ofGoodridge v. Department of Public Health,In re Marriage Cases andKerrigan v. Commissioner of Public Health that found barring same-sex marriage was unconstitutional in the states of Massachusetts, California and Connecticut.

Opponents of Proposition 102 said that there was no effort in favor of same-sex marriage that threatens to overturn the statutory ban in Arizona.

State	Date	Type of same-sex union	State senate				Lower house				% of legislative vote required	Final outcome
			Yes		No		Yes		No
			Vote	%	Vote	%	Vote	%	Vote	%
Hawaii	1997	Marriage ban permitted	Passed								66.67%	Advanced
	1998										50.01%	Constitutional Amendment 2 placed on the ballot
Alaska	May 12, 1998[15]	Same-sex marriage	14	70%	6	30%	28	70%	12	30%	66.67%	Measure 2 placed on the ballot
Indiana	February 3, 2004[16]	Same-sex marriage	42	84%	7	14%	—				50.01%	Died in committee
Georgia	February 16, 2004[17] February 26, 2004 March 31, 2004	Same-sex marriage and civil unions	40	71.43%	14	25%	117	65%	50	27.78%	66.67%	Constitutional Amendment 1 placed on the ballot
							122	67.78%	52	28.89%
Mississippi	March 1, 2004[18][19] April 7, 2004	Same-sex marriage	51	98.08%	0	0%	97	79.51%	17	13.93%	66.67%	Amendment 1 placed on the ballot
Missouri	March 1, 2004[20] May 14, 2004	Same-sex marriage	26	76.47%	6	17.65%	130	79.75%	26	15.95%	50.01%	Constitutional Amendment 2 placed on ballot
Wisconsin	March 3, 2004[21] March 11, 2004	Same-sex marriage and civil unions	20	60.61%	13	39.39%	68	68.69%	27	27.27%	50.01%	Advanced
	December 6, 2005[22] February 28, 2006		19	57.56%	14	42.42%	62	62.63%	31	31.31%		Referendum 1 placed on ballot
Utah	March 3, 2004[23]	Same-sex marriage and civil unions	20	68.97%	7	24.14%	58	77.33%	14	18.67%	66.67%	Constitutional Amendment 3 placed on ballot
Kansas	March 5, 2004[24] March 25, 2004[25]	Same-sex marriage and civil unions	—				88	70.4%	36	28.8%	66.67%	Bill was amended
	March 25, 2004[26]	Same-sex marriage	17	42.5%	16	40%	—					Rejected
Kentucky	April 12, 2004[27] April 13, 2004	Same-sex marriage and civil unions	33	86.84%	5	13.16%	85	85%	11	11%	60%	Constitutional Amendment 1 placed on ballot
Oklahoma	April 15, 2004[28] April 22, 2004	Same-sex marriage and civil unions	26	54.17%	19	39.58%	92	91.09%	4	3.96%	50.01%	State Question 711 placed on ballot
Kansas	May 1, 2004[29] May 4, 2004	Same-sex marriage and civil unions	27	67.5%	13	32.5%	79	63.2%	45	36%	66.67%	Rejected
Tennessee	May 6, 2004[30] May 19, 2004	Same-sex marriage	28	84.85%	1	3.03%	85	85.86%	5	5.05%	50.01%	Advanced
	February 28, 2005[31] March 17, 2005		29	87.88%	3	9.09%	88	88.89%	7	7.07%	66.67%	Constitutional Amendment 1 placed on ballot
Louisiana	June 6, 2004[32] June 15, 2004	Same-sex marriage and civil unions	31	79.49%	6	15.38%	88	83.81%	13	12.38%	66.67%	Constitutional Amendment 1 placed on ballot
Kansas	January 13, 2005[33][34] February 2, 2005	Same-sex marriage and civil unions	28	70%	11	27.5%	86	68.8%	37	29.6%	66.67%	Amendment 1 placed on ballot
South Dakota	February 3, 2005[35] February 28, 2005	Same-sex marriage and civil unions	20	57.14%	14	40%	55	78.57%	14	20%	50.01%	Amendment C placed on ballot
Virginia	February 26, 2005[36]	All types of same-sex unions	30	75%	10	25%	79	79%	17	17%	50.01%	Advanced
	January 15, 2006[37] March 7, 2006		28	70%	11	27.5%	85	85%	12	12%		Question 1 placed on ballot
South Carolina	March 1, 2005[38] April 14, 2005	Same-sex marriage and civil unions	42	91.3%	1	2.17%	96	77.42%	3	2.42%	66.67%	Amendment 1 placed on ballot
	January 25, 2007[39] February 27, 2007		41	89.13%	1	2.17%	92	74.19%	7	5.65%		Amendment 1 ratified
Alabama	March 8, 2005[40] March 10, 2005	Same-sex marriage and civil unions	30	85.71%	0	0%	85	80.95%	7	6.67%	60%	Amendment 774 placed on ballot
Texas	April 25, 2005[41] May 21, 2005	Same-sex marriage and civil unions	21	67.74%	8	25.81%	101	67.33%	29	19.33%	66.67%	Proposition 2 placed on ballot
Idaho	February 6, 2006[42] February 15, 2006	Same-sex marriage and civil unions	26	74.29%	9	25.71%	53	75.71%	17	24.29%	66.67%	Constitutional Amendment 2 placed on ballot
Pennsylvania	June 6, 2006[43]	Same-sex marriage and civil unions	—				136	66.97%	61	30.05%	66.67%	Died in committee
	June 21, 2006[43]	Same-sex marriage	38	76%	12	24%	—
Arizona	May 12, 2008[44] June 27, 2008	Same-sex marriage	16	53.33%	4	13.33%	35	55%	25	41.67%	50.01%	Proposition 102 placed on ballot
Wyoming	February 6, 2009[45]	Same-sex marriage	—				25	40.32%	35	56.45%	66.67%	Died in committee
West Virginia	March 30, 2009[46]	Same-sex marriage	—				30	30%	67	67%	66.67%
Indiana	January 28, 2010[47]	Same-sex marriage and civil unions	38	76%	10	20%	—				50.01%
New Hampshire	February 17, 2010[48]	Same-sex marriage	—				135	33.75%	201	50.25%	60%
Wyoming	January 27, 2011[49]	Same-sex marriage	20	64.52%	10	32.26%	—				66.67%
Iowa	February 1, 2011[50]	Same-sex marriage	—				62	62%	37	37%	50.01%
Indiana	February 15, 2011[51] March 29, 2011	Same-sex marriage and civil unions	40	80%	10	20%	70	70%	26	26%	50.01%	Advanced, but bill was amended
	January 28, 2014[52] February 17, 2014	Same-sex marriage	32	64%	17	34%	57	57%	40	40%		Advanced
	119th General Assembly of theIndiana General Assembly[53][54]		—									Not reintroduced 119th General Assembly of the Indiana General Assembly
Minnesota	May 11, 2011[55] May 21, 2011	Same-sex marriage	37	55.22%	27	40.3%	70	52.24%	62	46.27%	50.01%	Constitutional Amendment 1 placed on ballot
North Carolina	September 12, 2011[56] September 13, 2011	Same-sex marriage and civil unions	30	60%	16	32%	75	62.5%	42	35%	60%	Constitutional Amendment 1 placed on ballot

Number	State	Amendment	Section	Provisions	Effective date	Struck down date	Repeal date
N/A	Hawaii	Hawaii Marriage Amendment	Article I, Section 23. Marriage of theConstitution of the State of Hawaii	Statutory prohibition on same-sex marriage permitted	November 3, 1998	N/A	November 5, 2024, if approved during the2024 Hawaii elections
1st	Alaska	Alaska Marriage Amendment	Article I, § 25. Marriage of theConstitution of the State of Alaska	Prohibition on same-sex marriage	December 31, 1998	October 17, 2014	N/A
2nd	Nebraska	Ban Same-Sex Marriage Act	Article I-29. Marriage; same-sex relationships not valid or recognized. of theNebraska State Constitution	Prohibition on same-sex marriage, "civil unions, domestic partnerships, or other similar same-sex relationships"	December 7, 2000	May 12, 2005	N/A
					July 14, 2006	June 26, 2015
3rd	Nevada	Protection of Marriage Initiative	ARTICLE. 1. Sec: 21. Limitation on recognition of marriage. of theCONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF NEVADA	Prohibition on same-sex marriage	November 27, 2002	October 9, 2014	November 24, 2020
4th	Missouri	Missouri Marriage Definition Amendment	ARTICLE I, Section 33. Marriage, validity and recognition. of theConstitution of Missouri		September 2, 2004	November 5, 2014	N/A
						November 7, 2014
						June 26, 2015
5th	Kentucky	Amendment 1	GENERAL PROVISIONS, Section 233A, Valid or recognized marriage -- Legal status of unmarried individuals. of theCONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY	Prohibition on same-sex marriage and a "legal status identical or substantially similar to that of marriage for unmarried individuals"	November 2, 2004	June 26, 2015	N/A
6th	Arkansas	Same-Sex Marriage Ban	AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF ARKANSAS OF 1874, AMEND. 83. [MARRIAGE. of theConstitution Of The State Of Arkansas Of 1874	Prohibition on same-sex marriage and a "legal status for unmarried persons which is identical or substantially similar to marital status"	November 2, 2004	May 9, 2014	N/A
					May 16, 2014	June 26, 2015
7th	Montana	Montana Definition of Marriage Amendment	ARTICLE XIII. Section 7. Marriage. of theCONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF MONTANA	Prohibition on same-sex marriage	November 2, 2004	November 19, 2014	N/A
8th	Mississippi	Mississippi Marriage Definition Amendment	ARTICLE 14, SECTION 263A. Marriage defined as only between a man and a woman. of theCONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI	Prohibition on same-sex marriage	November 29, 2004	June 26, 2015	N/A
9th	Ohio	Ohio Definition of Marriage Amendment	Article XV, Section 11, Marriage of theOhio Constitution	Prohibition on same-sex marriage and a "legal status for relationships of unmarried individuals that intends to approximate the design, qualities, significance or effect of marriage"	December 2, 2004	June 26, 2015	N/A
10th	Oregon	Measure 36	ARTICLE XV, Section 5a. Policy regarding marriage.CONSTITUTION OF OREGON 2023​ EDITION	Prohibition on same-sex marriage	December 2, 2004	May 19, 2014	N/A
11th	Michigan	Michigan Marriage Amendment	ARTICLE I, § 25 Marriage. of theMichigan Constitution	Prohibition on same-sex marriage and a "similar union for any purpose"	December 18, 2004	March 22, 2014	N/A
					March 22, 2014	June 26, 2015
12th	Georgia	Definition of Marriage Amendment	ARTICLE I. SECTION IV. MARRIAGE of theCONSTITUTION of the STATE of GEORGIA	Prohibition on same-sex marriage and a "union between persons of the same sex shall be recognized by this state as entitled to the benefits of marriage"	January 1, 2005	May 16, 2006	N/A
					July 7, 2006	June 26, 2015
13th	Oklahoma	Oklahoma Definition of Marriage Amendment	Article 2, section 35 - Marriage Defined - Construction of law and Constitution - Recognition of out-of-state marriages - Penalty of theOklahoma Constitution	Prohibition on same-sex marriage, the "legal incidents thereof be conferred upon unmarried couples or groups" and "any person knowingly issuing a marriage license in violation of is guilty of a misdemeanor"	January 1, 2005	October 6, 2014	N/A
14th	North Dakota	North Dakota Definition of Marriage Initiative	Article XI General Provisions, Section 28. of theNorth Dakota Constitution	Prohibition on same-sex marriage and any "other domestic union, however denominated, may be recognized as a marriage or given the same or substantially equivalent legal effect"	January 1, 2005	June 26, 2015	N/A
15th	Utah	Utah Marriage Amendment	Article I, Section 29. [Marriage. of theUtah Constitution	Prohibition on same-sex marriage and "any other domestic union recognized as a marriage or given the same or substantially equivalent legal effect"	January 1, 2005	December 20, 2013	N/A
					January 6, 2014	October 6, 2014
16th	Louisiana	Marriage in Louisiana Act	Article XII. §15. Defense of Marriage of theLouisiana Constitution of 1974	Prohibition on same-sex marriage and a "legal status identical or substantially similar to that of marriage for unmarried individuals"	January 19, 2005	October 5, 2004	N/A
						June 26, 2015
17th	Kansas	Kansas Marriage Amendment	Article 15, § 16: Marriage. of theKansas Constitution	Prohibition on same-sex marriage any other "relationship, other than a marriage, entitling the parties to the rights or incidents of marriage"	April 5, 2005	November 18, 2014	N/A
						June 26, 2015
18th	Texas	Definition of Marriage Act	Art. I , Sec. 32. MARRIAGE. of theTexas Constitution	Prohibition on same-sex marriage and "any legal status identical or similar to marriage"	November 23, 2005	June 26, 2015	N/A
19th	Alabama	Alabama Sanctity of Marriage Amendment	Article I., Sec. 36.03, Sanctity of marriage. of theConstitution Of Alabama 2022	Prohibition on same-sex marriage and a "union replicating marriage of or between persons of the same sex"	June 6, 2006	February 9, 2015	N/A
					March 4, 2015	June 26, 2015
20th	Tennessee	Tennessee Marriage Protection Act	ARTICLE XI., Section 18. of the2023 Tennessee Constitution	Prohibition on same-sex marriage	November 7, 2006	June 26, 2015	N/A
21st	Wisconsin	Referendum 1	ARTICLE XIII. Marriage. SECTION 13. of theWISCONSIN CONSTITUTION	Prohibition on same-sex marriage and a :legal status identical or sub-stantially similar to that of marriage for unmarried individuals"	November 7, 2006	June 6, 2014	N/A
					June 13, 2014	October 6, 2014
22nd	South Dakota	South Dakota Marriage Definition Amendment	ARTICLE XXI, § 9. Marriage. of theConstitution	Prohibition on same-sex marriage and the "uniting of two or more persons in a civil union, domestic partnership, or other quasi-marital relationship"	November 7, 2006	June 26, 2015	N/A
23rd	Idaho	Idaho Marriage Definition Amendment	ARTICLE III. SECTION 28. MARRIAGE. of theConstitution	Prohibition on same-sex marriage and any "domestic legal union" that is not a "marriage between a man and a woman"	November 7, 2006	October 15, 2014	N/A
24th	Colorado	Definition of Marriage Initiative	Art. II, Section 31. MARRIAGES - VALID OR RECOGNIZED of theConstitution of the State of Colorado	Prohibition on same-sex marriage	December 31, 2006	October 7, 2014	December 2024, if approved during the2024 Colorado elections
25th	Virginia	Virginia Marriage Amendment	Article I. Section 15-A. Marriage of theConstitution of Virginia	Prohibition on same-sex marriage and "a legal status for relationships of unmarried individuals that intends to approximate the design, qualities, significance, or effects of marriage"	January 1, 2007	October 6, 2014	N/A
26th	South Carolina	Marriage Act	ARTICLE XVII, SECTION 15. Lawful domestic unions recognizable in State; domestic unions created in another jurisdiction. of theCONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA 1895	Prohibition on same-sex marriage and any "lawful domestic legal union" that is not a "marriage between one man and one woman"	March 22, 2007	November 20, 2014	N/A
27th	Florida	Marriage Protection Amendment	ARTICLE I, SECTION 27. Marriage defined. of theCONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA	Prohibition on same-sex marriage and any "other legal union that is treated as marriage or the substantial equivalent"	November 4, 2008	January 6, 2015	N/A
28th	Arizona	Marriage Protection Amendment	ARTICLE XXX. MARRIAGE of theArizona State Constitution	Prohibition on same-sex marriage	November 4, 2008	October 17, 2014	N/A
29th	California	Eliminates Rights of Same-Sex Couples to Marry	ARTICLE I, SEC. 7.5. of theCalifornia Constitution		November 5, 2008	June 28, 2013	November 6, 2024, if approved during the2024 California elections
30th	North Carolina	North Carolina Same-Sex Marriage Amendment	ARTICLE XIV, Sec. 6. Marriage. of theNORTH CAROLINA STATE CONSTITUTION	Prohibition on same-sex marriage and any "domestic legal union" that is not a marriage "between one man and one woman"	May 23, 2012	October 9, 2014	N/A

The first question everyone seems to ask is ‘what got me into bodybuilding’? Well, it starts with a good genetic make-up. I have the build of my father, who was an athlete, and my grandfather on my mom’s side. Both are small, compact, and strong. My grandfather still walks 3 miles 3 times a week at age 85. I have always been an athlete. By the age of 4, I started gymnastics. I started distance running at age 8. I would run 2 miles before school and 5 miles after school. I ran in several distance races always placing first in my age division. Running, softball, cheerleading and much more was how I lived my childhood. Being an active child allowed me to build a tight compact body. It was about my junior year in high school when I realized that if I did sit-ups every day I got ripples in my stomach. My friends even started to notice. During my senior year, I took a weightlifting class in the summer. As usual, I did the most sit-ups per minute. It was great to show of my strength. I remember the guys talking me into squatting 45 lbs. on each side. I did it!!! It was awesome, and I was hooked! At the age of 19, I really started going to the gym. I got a membership and 1 free training session. I would roller blade 3 miles to the gym, work out, and skate home. I was even trying to diet back then; eating bran muffins, salad, and protein shakes. I didn’t know anything about how to diet, but I was trying. Year by year, I learned more. Soon, I was helping others. I became a personal trainer while working on my Bachelors of Science degree at University of South Florida. In addition to my own training, I instructed spinning, kickboxing and, strength and conditioning. Keeping my ultimate goal of Health and Fitness in mind, I became a neuromuscular therapist at the Humanities Center in Pinellas Park Florida. In 2000, I competed in my first show Women’s Tri- Fitness and placed 3rd. In 2001, I competed in the NPC USA Costal as a heavyweight (136 lbs) and won the over-all championship. In 2002, I moved to St. Louis to attend Logan Chiropractic College, My Alma Mater. 2003 was another great year for me; I won the over all championship at the Junior Nationals as a Middleweight (131 lbs). I immediately jumped to the 2003 USA where I placed 7th in the Middleweights. It was time to come back and regroup. I needed to focus on my National Board exams for Chiropractic. I graduated in April 2004 and opened my practice “Westerfield Health Center” four months before the 2004 Nationals. It was difficult opening a new practice and training for the Nationals. I placed 4th in a very tough Light heavy weight class (140lbs). Again, back home to my practice to channel my energy towards patients and making physique improvements. I have a busy practice, and every second of my day is spent healing with my strong hands, mind, and heart. This made training for the 2005 Nationals the most difficult feat yet! I had to go back to my old early morning training routine to ensure a good, focused work out. I work 12-hour days, so getting up very early and expending energy was tough. Staying focused and listening to what my patients were telling me was difficult. I was beginning to question whether or not the energy I put into bodybuilding should be used for my practice and patients. I had a heart to heart with myself during my training. I promised myself it was just a bit longer, and I was going to give it everything, letting the results guide me. If there are 2 things I’m 100% confident in… It’s my dedication and the healing power my hands and heart possess. On November, 21st 2005, I won the Light heavy weight class (131lbs) making me an IFBB Professional Bodybuilder! Winning my Pro card proved to me that I’m on the right track with my life and energy. I now plan to work harder.

Since 1999, started bodybuilding.

22-26

After the 2004 NPC National, she started working with Charles Glass and Dave Palumbo. Her bodybuilding manager was Joel Goldberg.

Paula Suzuki

Mid November 1994 - 27

Started weight training 13 years old in Hawaii.

Born Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. 2nd grade hawaii.

1987 University of Hawaii contest middleweight 1st.

In April 1994, she broke the world bench press record of 308 broke 314 and 325.

dumbbell shrugs - 160 4 sets of 10

dumbbell curls - 35 lbs

Graduated college 2 year recreational.

Year	Champions										Posedown music	Prize money	Venue
	Men's				Women's
	212	Bodybuilding	Classic physique	Physique	Bikini	Bodybuilding	Figure	Fitness	Physique	Wellness
1994		Robby Robinson (overall) Edward Corney (masters 60+)											Atlanta,Georgia,United States of America
1995		Sonny Schmidt (overall) Edward Corney (masters 60+)
1996		Vince Taylor (overall) Jim Morris (masters 60+)											Chicago,Illinois, United States of America
1997		Vince Taylor (overall) Vince Taylor (masters 40+) Robby Robinson (masters 50+) Honore Cironte (masters 60+)											Long Beach,California, United States of America
1999		Vince Taylor											Roanoke,Virginia, United States of America
2000		Vince Taylor (overall) Robby Robinson (masters 50+) Katsumi Ishimura (masters 60+)
2001		Vince Taylor											Lynchburg, Virginia, United States of America
2002		Don Youngblood
2003		Claude Groulx											Charlotte,North Carolina, United States of America
2012		Dexter Jackson											Miami Beach,Florida, United States of America
2023	Hidetada Yamagishi	Kamal El-Gargni	Alejandro Cambronero	Arya Saffaie	Jessica Wilson	Reshanna Boswell	Jessica Padilla	Minna Pajulahti	Ivie Rhein	Nerilde Strey		$229,000	BTarena,Cluj-Napoca,Romania
2025	TBD

On October 5, 2004, Judge William Morvant struck down, in the case ofForum for Equality Pac v. McKeithen, Constitutional Amendment 1, which added Article XII., §15. to theConstitution of the State of Louisiana, on grounds that it violated a provision of the state constitution requiring that an amendment cover only one subject. This prevented Amendment 1 from taking effect on October 19, 2004. On January 19, 2005,Louisiana Supreme Court reinstated, by a 7-0 vote, Article XII., §15. of the Louisiana Constitution and put the amendment in the constitution.

On May 16, 2006, Judge Constance C. Russell struck down, in the case ofPerdue v. O'Kelley,Amendment 1, which added Article I. Section IV. Paragraph I. to theConstitution of the State of Georgia, on grounds that it violated a provision of the state constitution requiring that an amendment cover only one subject. On July 6, 2006,Supreme Court of Georgia reinstated, by a 6-0 vote, with Associate JusticeHarold Melton not participating, Article I. Section IV. Paragraph I. of the Georgia Constitution.

On June 29, 2011,Nate Silver posted a model for the projected voter share for a same-sex marriage and civil union constitutional ban held hypothetically during the 2012 United States elections on November 6, 2012. He found the projected voter share for a same-sex marriage and civil union constitutional ban in North Carolina according to the linear model was 53.5%, while the accelerated model had it at 59.5%, making it a favorite but not a prohibitive one.

67.74 34.27 49.4

The other state that is most likely to consider an initiative against same-sex marriage in 2012 is North Carolina — the only remaining Southern state that does not ban same-sex marriage in its Constitution. A ban on same-sex marriage alone would be a heavy favorite to pass in North Carolina: although the state is becoming bluer, it is still fairly socially conservative, and many of the voters who allowed Barack Obama to win the state in 2008 were African-Americans, who have historically been opposed to same-sex marriage.

The proposed text of the amendment would seem to apply to domestic partnerships in addition to marriage, however, which makes its prospects more tenuous. We’d project such a measure to receive about 60 percent of the vote under the Linear Model, but 54 percent under the Accelerated Model, making it a favorite but not a prohibitive one.

Alcione Santos Barreto (néeSanto) is a Brazilian professional bodybuilding champion and a former professional physique contestant. She is the highest ranking Brazilian bodybuilder ever.

At 15 years old, she weighted only 72.753 lb (33 kg). She moved to São Paulo and at the age of 18 started training at a gym inPraia Grande. She was a powerlifter for several years.

Started in 2013

• 2019 NPC Worldwide Amateur Olympia Brazil (1st place in Women's Physique Class B and earned IFBB Pro Card)
• 2021 IFBB Mr Big Evolution Pro: Women's Physique 4th

She is part of the Integralmedica/Darkness team, along with 7 other classified athletes, and trains inSão Paulo, at the CT Dark House, which opened in April 2023 and the only gym in Latin America certified by the Olympia and aimed at training elite athletes.^[57]

She has talked openly in interviews about her performance-enhancing substance usage.

• 2021 IFBB Pro League (IFBB) Europa Pro Championships - 4th
• 2022 IFBB MuscleContest Brazil Pro - 2nd
• 2022 IFBB Mr. Big Evolution Pro - 2nd
• 2022 IFBB Europa Pro Championships - 1st
• 2022 IFBB Romania Muscle Fest Pro - 1st
• 2022 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 8th
• 2023 IFBB Mr. Big Evolution Pro - 1st
• 2023 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 3rd

She is married to Thiago Barreto and has a son.

https://www-correio24horas-com-br.translate.goog/correio24horas/esportes/fisiculturista-baiana-vai-disputar-o-olympia-maior-evento-mundial-da-modalidade-0823?_x_tr_sl=pt&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc

https://saradas.org/index.php?topic=230860.0

https://ifbbmuscle.com/alcione-santos-age-fitness-height-bio-weight-muscle-instagram/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbKdjoNFghE&t=6255s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttFFJJiRTdw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iop8pSbBUKs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRBf0R2gfbs

Defining marriage as only between one man and one woman has long been a priority of social conservatives. Interest intensified in 2003, when a Massachusetts court struck down a prohibition on same sex marriage there. In May of 2004, Massachusetts began issuing marriage licenses to gay and lesbian couples.

AfterGoodridge v. Department of Public Health was decided, every year, from 2004 to 2011, North Carolina state legislators would introduce resolutions calling for a state constitutional amendment that would define marriage as solely between one man and one woman. Excluding the146th North Carolina General Assembly were a 60-60 party split in the North Carolina House of Representatives lead to a Co-Speakerships between Democrats and Republicans, from 2004 until January 26, 2011, the North Carolina General Assembly was controlled by Democrats. Only once, in 2007, did a bill emerge from committee, at which point then House Speaker Joe Hackney, D-Orange, used his powers to stop it advancing. Democratic legislative leaders never allowed a floor vote on the measures. After January 26, 2011, North Carolina General Assembly was controlled by Republicans.

In a special legislative session to consider constitutional amendment, on September 12, 2011, the House voted 75-42 in favor of the amendment. The next day, on September 13, the Senate voted 30-16

At the time, both the House and the Senate were controlled by Democrats, who kept the bills bottled up in committee.

Similar bills introduced in subsequent General Assemblies were also stymied. Only once, in 2007, did a bill emerge from committee, at which point then-House Speaker Joe Hackney, D-Orange, used his powers to stop its progress. Democratic legislative leaders never allowed a floor vote on the measures.

On May 23, 2012, theNorth Carolina State Board of Elections certified the results of North Carolina’s May 8 primary election, which added Amendment 1 to the state constitution. The amendment was in effect until October 10, 2014, when it became anunconstitutional constitutional amendment.

In 2011, Republicans took control of the state House and Senate. Social conservatives finally pushed through the bill during a special legislative session in September of 2011. It was the only one of several amendment measures lawmakers had considered during the year to be placed on the ballot.

Ann supports overturning theObergefell v. Hodgesprecedent on atextualistfederalist position that theright to marriage is not explicitly mentioned in the United States Constitution and said it was a "state's right issue". She acknowledges however that most American support same-sex marriage according to polls and it would be easy to get state legislatures to allow same-sex marriage. She also favorability citedClarence Thomas' concurrence inDobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization that theSupreme Court of the United States, after overturning the precedent in the rulings ofGriswold v. Connecticut,Lawrence v. Texas, andObergefell, could consider whether the right to marriage andright to privacy are covered under thePrivileges or Immunities Clause.

On October 25, 2003, during a debate atRegent University on the Supreme Court and Constitutional Authority, moderatorCatherine Crier asked Ann the question, "What is your argument against same sex marriage?" and she replied that there is nothing about same-sex marriage in the constitution and that she didn't think she had taken a position on same-sex marriage. She said she resents being pulled into these discussions. When asked hypnotically if she was a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States that if a state legislature enacted same-sex marriage would she strike it down as unconstitutional and she said no, unless a constitutional amendment was added. When asked if she would support a constitutional amendment prohibiting same-sex marriage, she said, as she said when the issue first came up, no because she didn't see the point as "we already have a constitution and they won't read that".

On November 18, 2003, the dayGoodridge v. Department of Public Health was decided, it was reported thatSean Hannity and Ann would launch a national effort to amend the U.S. Constitution to prohibit same-sex marriage at an event that weekend inMesa, Arizona. She held a dinner Friday and both she and Sean appeared together at morning $1,000-a-plate private breakfast designed to raise funds for the Defend Marriage and Family Campaign, an anti-same sex marriage organization, along with a following conference. From the time afterGoodridge was decided to around 2008, she was actively pushing to enact a constitutional amendment.

I hate having this argument foisted on me by the Supreme Court. Part of what democracy allows you to do is to not give a damn about some issues. What protects homosexual behavior is the Fourth Amendment, which prevents police from going into your home without a search warrant or court order. The idea that the Supreme Court will save us from cops knocking down doors and busting through the walls is absurd, is just preposterous. It was an odd fluke. It happened twice in 20 years that cops had a reason to go into someone's home protected by the Fourth Amendment and happened to catch people in the act of committing sodomic acts.

Ann supports overturning theLawrence v. Texas precedent on a textualist federalist position that the right to privacy is not explicitly mentioned in the United States Constitution and said it was a "state's right issue".

Mostly, in this country, it is homosexual behavior. By the way, I'm not the one who wants to do anything about it. I'm just saying, if the argument is "smoking well we all got to pay"; sodomy we all have to pay. Your the one making the argument, fine go again have your bathhouses. Have at it.

There are only 70 professional female bodybuilders in the world andJoanna Thomas is one of them. She had a happy childhood, growing up inEngland with her parents Donovan and Mary Thomas. Joanna wanted to be really good at something in school and didn't feel she was, so she took upbodybuilding, her first passion. She responded fast and was told she has such goodgenetics. She started hardcore training at age 15. At the age of 21, she became the youngestBritish female bodybuilder to ever turn professional.

After 12 years of training, at age 27, Joanna movedLos Angeles. Her goal is to win theMs. Olympia title and retire at the top. In order to make it to the Olympia stage, she has to win a qualifier called theGNC. Over the next 4 months, she has to lose 30 lbs and build her muscles as she trains atGold's GymVenice. She endures regular painfulmassage sessions to tear her muscles to make them larger. Her father, Donovan, said after she wins the Olympia he wants her to retire, get into a relationship and have kids.

The bodybuilding industry is poorly funded, so Joanna has a members only website where 400 members pay $25 dollars a month to enter. Her members get to talk to her and see her pose. Her parents would prefer if Joanna didn't have the website, but admitted she needed to make money and that sell sex. With 6 weeks left to go before the GNC, Joanna's friend,Debbie, helps Joanna train and motivated. She has to build larger and more defined muscles than Debbie if she wants to win the GNC.

Joanna is 1 week away from the GNC.Performance-enhancing drug use is a question that she has to constantly deal with. While she does not deny taking performance-enhancing drugs, anirritated Joannasarcastically said that it's all about the steroids and that they take steroids and look like that. She tells the audience to try this a few weeks and see how you look. She says she gets very defensive of bodybuilding because it's a lot of hard work and people just presume. She concludes by saying take what you want, but alot of people won't look like her and says it's not just about what people take, but what's in here as she points to her head.

Joanna's parents, Donovan and Mary, also had strong views on performance-enhancing drugs. Her father said he wasn't agreeing with it all, but said it was up to the individual to take that on and face the consequences. Her mother said this is the standard the judges want and the contestants will do what they can to get to that condition. Her father countered that they shouldn't get involved with it, but her mother said they won't get anywhere if they didn't.

Joanna goes to her nutritionist for measurements. He commented that the only place she was holding fat was her back. She said she has 3 more weeks till the Olympia and would try to get that bit off. She is aiming for 3%bodyfat, very low level compared to the recommended minimum of 18% bodyfat for women. The nutritionist explained that 3% bodyfat isn't very healthy and when you got below 9-10% bodyfat you start losing yourmenstrual cycle. He tells her she has 2.6% bodyfat and that if she does it for a short period of time she's good.

Joanna is at risk of damaging hervital organs as her regime has lost her 30 lbs in 16 weeks. Before flying toAtlanta that night for the GNC, she does a photo shoot for her website. She has to constantly update the website to keep members subscribed. She said she was embarrassed because she was in a really small bikini that she would normally never wear. She poses on the beach for her photo shoot in front of a few staring onlookers. She said bodybuilding was not quite the sport it is today when she started and that the dream of bodybuilding was not the reality of it. Since herbreast tissue was made of fat, she had to getbreast implants.

Joanna tells a male bodybuilder she is walking with she is sick as being as asex object and never seen as an athlete. She says she has nosponsorship at the moment and only makes money from her website. She says stupid people are emailing her and she can't even check her email sometimes. She concludes her talk with him by saying she wants to be appreciated sometimes a little differently. Joanna calls her mom and tells her she is nervous about the show and wants to get it done. She also says she has alot of body injuries.

It is the morning of the GNC outside of theCobb Galleria Centre. At her apartment inAtlanta, Joanna has makeup applied to her by Debbie and another female bodybuilder. She says because they are very muscular, they must exaggerate the rest of theirfemininity tocompensate for whatsociety defines as beingmasculine. The GNC Show of Strength is the last chance this year for female bodybuilders to qualify for the Olympia. Joanna must place 1st or 2nd place at the GNC in order to qualify.

Backstage at the GNC, Joanna sees her contestants for the first time. The contestants are all in colored bikinis with numbers on them and are working out prior to taking stage. She commented that Jeannie Paparone has nice shape to her, has her on a couple of things and she could be hard for her to beat. Jeannie said she was training for 8 months Joanna commented that some of the contestants has been training all year around and she had only been training since May. Just before taking stage, the women attempt to make their veins bulge out of their skin by eating sugary foods. The contestants are called up to line up numerically before going on stage. They are told to have noear rings on, only wedding ring]].

Joanna, who is contestant number 7, is called up on stage to individually free form pose, followed up by number 8, Jeannie, number 9, Monica Martin and number 15, Nancy Lewis. Joanna has to be beat 9 or 10 contestants and place 1st or 2nd in order to qualify. Following this, Monica, Jeannie, Joanna, number 6, Angela Debatin and 5, Mary Jerumbo, are all lines up numerically doing compulsory poses. This is all part of the first round, which judges the contestants on their muscularity andsymmetry. The contestants look strong, but they are actually at their weakest physically after weeks of crash dieting. So tensing and holding poses can be exhausting for the contestants.

At the end of the first round, the judges pick out their 3 favorites. The order is a strong indicator of the final placing. Joanna said if she isn't called out 1st or 2nd that there is a problem. Theemcee calls out Nancy first, contestant number 2, Rosemary Jennings second and Joanna third. Debbie speculates Joanna could place 2nd or 3rd. She won't find out where she placed until the final round of the evening event. After the first round, backstage Debbie tells her the only thing she needs to do is to spread her legs more.

Debbie and another female bodybuilder are helping Joanna get on her finals bikini. A last minute decision means she is moved up on the schedule by 11 minutes to be on stage, instead of 30 minutes. She is enraged as she is not pumped up at all. She works out and consumes sugary drinks before being called on stage. She came on stage in a pink bikini and posed to the songBarbie Girl. Joanna, along with Nancy, Rosemary, Jeannie, contestant number 1, Gayle Moher and number 4, Mary Doss all beganperforming free form poses and try to over-shine their contestants for the judges to see. After Gayle is announced 4th place and Rosemary announced 3rd place, both Joanna and Nancy hold hands as it is announced that Joanna came in 2nd place.

Afterwards, Joanna said some people thought she should have won it, but she wanted to see the scoresheet. Her 2nd won her just $2,000 and even if she wins the Olympia she'll only get $10,000, a mere fraction of the $120,000 hermale counterparts get. So immediately she starts modeling again for her website. She says it's impossible for her to be both a professional athlete and work a job 60 hours a week. The modeler says the people on her website are attracted to large biceps and the vascularity of the veins.

Joanna's parents, Donovan and Mary, commented they never thought she would do anything like modeling for a website. Her parents send her aDVD of family videos, including her watching her first contest. She comments that she wishes she had the passion she had when she first competed in bodybuilding and commented her face was cuter. The DVD video concludes with her being named the 57 kiloEast Midlands champion for 1997. She commented that when she was young she was the only one in school who could dopress-ups. She said she started so young that bodybuilding isn't a sport or a hobby, it is who she is.

The day before the Olympia, Joanna is back gym training. She looks strong, but a diet of protein powder and dried meat means she's at her weakest. After five months of training, she and Debbie are at Olympia atMandalay Bay inLas Vegas. The night before the Olympia, bodybuilding fans get to meet the contestants and Joanna gets a look at the other contestants.Dayana Cadeau boasts that there is nobody in her class who can beat her.

Joanna must spend the next 12 hours fasting and dehydrating before the contest. She flew her parents to the Olympia and it the first time in five months they have seen her. As they head to the Olympia for her to compete, she tells her mom that if she doesn't get called the first two times of each round she's at the bottom placing.

Joanna's dream since she started bodybuilding when she was 15 was to win the Olympia and retire at the top of her sport. She awaits her turn to be called on stage as contestant number 1,Marja Lehtonen, number 4,Denise Masino and number 2, Dayana Cadeau, all get on stage individually and free form pose. She comments that these are the best female bodybuilders in the world and have done several of these shows before. Joanna, who is number 9, gets up on stage and free form poses.

Joanna is up against eight other contestants. Several women will be called forward by the judges if she's going to be crowned Ms. Olympia her name has to be called out. The emcee calls out the following contestants: Denise, Dayana, contestant number 3, Desiree Ellis, contestant number 8, Mah Ann Mendoza and Marja. Joanna was not called out in the first round and she only have the evening show to improve her chances of winning.

At the finals, Dayana, Marja and Denise are shown individually free form posing. Joanna says winning the Ms. Olympia is akin to winning hundred meters sprinting for England at theOlympic Games. She is called on stage does her free form posing. The emcee announces the top 3 contestants: Marja, Denise and Dayana, who won 1st place.

Next morning, Joanna calls one of the Olympia judges, Steve Weinberger, and he told her she came in 7th place. The judge tells her that her lower body does not match her upper body so she is not symmetrical and that's why she is placing lower. She said she didn't want to end her career with her being told she didn't have good legs. She tells her parents that she makes more money in Los Angeles than in theUnited Kingdom being astaff nurse. Her father hopes that once she retires, she gets in a relationship and has children so he can be a grandfather. Joanna says she is committed to bodybuilding and doesn't want to retire.

Vito Arena, a Gambino crime family and DeMeo crew member, described as "openly homosexual". His lover was Joey Lee. Thought Roy and Freddy did not care, this caused some to keep their distance. They treated him as an outsider and less reliable. In the stolen car Vito was using, the police found an album of Vito, Joey and other men engaging in sexual acts. Vito then assumed that unless he cooperated with the police, they would blackmail him with the photographs or share them with Roy. Vito decided to become an NYPD informant.https://nathanielsimmons.wordpress.com/2012/05/07/unfounded-fear-and-the-nc-marriage-amendment/

According to Gene Hwang's 1998 Arnold Classic Weekend Report, he described Yolanda's physique as having "decent symmetry, not awesome", but "not ripped". He also commented that her stomach had a little beer gut appearance when exhaling. In Dale Bivens' Competitor Assessments, he thought Lesa Lewis should have won and thought Yolanda winning was a "crime". He described her as having "bloated, though muscular abs" and "not the most symmetrical [ by a long shot] nor the most muscled". He thought that she benefited that most of the competitors seemed to be a "little off", excluding Lesa.

At the 2001 Ms. International, going into the 2001 Ms. International lightweight posedown, Brenda lead Dayana by a score of 22 to 25, but after the posedown, Dayana beaten Brenda by a score of 30 to 32, the 2nd two point victory in Ms. International history. Ondrea won the heavyweight and overall Ms. International title, whileDayana Cadeau dethroned the reigning Ms. International lightweight Brenda. This was Ondrea' 3rd overall and 2nd heavyweight Ms. International title and Dayana's 1st lightweight Ms. International title. This was Ondrea's 3rd consecutive overall Ms. International title win, along with her 2nd consecutive heavyweight Ms. International title win, beating Laura Creavalle's and Yolanda Hughes-Heying's two consecutive overall Ms. International title wins andKenneth Wheeler's two consecutive overall Arnold Classic title wins.

In Bill Dobbin's 2001 Ms. International - Contest Report, he commented that Ondrea attempted to conform as much as possible to the IFBB judging "guidelines" and this has severely compromised the quality of her physique since the 1999 Ms. Olympia. He added that compared to Iris, Ondrea had an excellent upper body, especially her arms, but had no legs compared to Iris. He described the decision by the judges to award Ondrea the title over Iris as simply wrong and possibly politically motivated. Talking about the lightweights, he noted that historically Dayana normally competed as a heavyweight. He stated the reason Dayana beat Brenda was due to Dayana being more muscular than her.

When Meadow asked Carmela if Janice was gay, she responded she had only dated men, but added she did work at a women's book store. She asks where do you get off asking that and stated her mother would have slapped her face if she asked about her aunt's sexual preferences.

When A.J. says that Mr. Weggler saidBilly Budd is a gay book, Carmela called that ridiculous. She gets into a back and fourth debate with Meadow, Finn and asked a rhetorical question that it was written in the 19th century. She commented how this "gay nonsense" is pervading in educational system and media. She stated she was sorry, but thatBilly Budd is not a homosexual book. She said she saw the filmBilly Budd and that it is the story of an innocent sailor being picked on by an evil boss. She commented that was a biblical reference, which doesn't necessarily make it gay. I'm saying it's ridiculous how everything is being sold as homosexual. She commented that Leslie Fiedler doesn't know what they are talking about.

When Tony commented that he thinks Robert Wegler is gay, Carmela said it was a fear of his or he won't talk about so often. Tony retorted by asking her what part of hell did she say they go. She commented that "was a long time ago." Tony said she only changed her views because she got a couple of gay male friends, which she does not answer.

After Tony told Carmela that Vito was gay, he swore her to secrecy. When Rosalie found out from a source, Carmela wondered how Vito's children would react when they find out their father's a "finook". She also asked Rosalie if Marie and Vito had someopen marriage arrangement. When Meadow overheard part of the conversation, she mentioned Finn saw Vito giving a security guard a blow job. Carmela immediately tells Tony.

Political views

She stated she voted for Bush in 2004.

A quick history: When Carmela was caught reading Fred Barnes’ “Rebel-in-Chief” in bed earlier this season, observers suggested that “The Sopranos” writers were linking the Bush administration’s fortunes to Tony Soprano’s crumbling world.

who recently said “amen” to building a wall around America.

Seasons ago, she was fond of Hillary Clinton. Over lunch in one episode, friend Rosalie Aprile said of Hillary: “She stood by him and put up with the bullshit, and in the end, what did she do? She set up her own little thing.”

Carmela responded with this: Hillary “should be an example to us all.” Indeed, Hillary became an example to Carmela, who set up her own little thing by studying for a real estate license. Not sure at the time if the real estate was a sweet land deal in Arkansas, but hey, it was something.

That is ridiculous. I've heard that before. That was written in the 19th century? I didn't know they had fags back then. A.J. No offense. I'm not gay. You're not? No. I read where they found gay cave-drawings in Africa. Really? Shut up! This stuff is pervading our educational system... not to mention movies, TV shows. What "stuff"? This gay nonsense they're teaching. I am sorry, but Billy Budd is not a homosexual book. Actually it is, Mother. I saw the movie, Meadow, with Terence Stamp. He was in Priscilla, Queen of the Desert. I don't know about that. But Billy Budd is the story of an innocent sailor being picked on by an evil boss. Who is picking on him out of self-loathing caused by... homosexual feelings in a military context. Oh, please! Okay. Actually, Mrs. Soprano... there is a passage where Melville compares Billy... to a nude statue of Adam. Really? I thought you read it. It's a biblical reference, does that make it gay? What's the difference? I'm saying it's ridiculous how everything is being sold as homosexual. Must be a gay book. Billy Budd's the ship's florist, right? ( Laughing ) Leslie Fiedler has written on gay themes in literature... since the early '60s, Billy Budd in particular. Well, she doesn't know what she's talking about. She's a he, Mother, and he's lectured at Columbia, as a matter of fact. Well, maybe he's gay. You ever thought of that?

Read more at:https://tvshowtranscripts.ourboard.org/viewtopic.php?f=848&t=35455

• Reichsführer-SS
• Chief of the German Police
• Reichsminister of the Interior
• Commander of the Replacement Army
• Commander of Army Group Vistula
• Commander of Army Group Upper Rhine
• Acting Director of the Reich Security Main Office
• Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood
• Member of the Prussian State Council
• Reichsleiter of the Nazi Party
• Member of the Greater German Reichstag
• Member of the Reichstag
• SS Race and Settlement Main Office
• Commander of the Replacement Army
• General Plenipotentiary for Administration
• SS-Gauführer of Lower Bavaria
• Deputy propaganda chief
• Deputy Reichsführer-SS
• Chief of the Munich police

No	Name	Country	Judging	Finals	Total	Place
1	MayLa Ash	Irving,Texas	13		13	4
2	Michaela Aycock	Bartow,Florida	9		9	3
3	Reshanna Boswell	Deerfield Beach,Illinois	28		28	9
4	Nicki Chartrand	Alberta,Canada	32		32	10
5	Leah Dennie	North Richland Hills,Texas	39		39	13
6	Chelsea Dion	Las Vegas,Nevada	16		16	5
7	Julia Foery	Switzerland	43		43	14
8	Taylor Iraggi	Maplewood,New Jersey	48		48	16
9	Rene Marven	Chandler,Arizona	33		33	11
10	LaDawn McDay	Detroit,Michigan	44		44	15
11	Kristina Mendoza	Las Vegas, Nevada	24		24	8
12	Sherry Priami	Melbroune, Florida	21		21	7
13	Andrea Shaw	Clinton Township, Michigan	3		3	1
14	Melissa Teich	Tucson, Arizona	17		17	6
15	Angela Yeo	Toledo,Ohio	6		6	2
16	Tina Williams	Lawrence,Kansas	48		48	16
17	Virginia Sanchez	Spain	34		34	12[59]

Angela C. Yeo (néeWortman; born July 23, 1984) is an American professional bodybuilder, along with a former professional figure, powerlifter and women's physique contestant. She is currently the 2nd highest ranking professional female bodybuilder.

Her hometown isTemperance, Michigan.Bedford Public SchoolsInternational Sports Sciences AssociationEastern Michigan University

^[62]

• 2013 EPFNB Toledo Glass Scepter
• 2013 ABA/INBA/PNBA Natural Universe
• 2013 ABA/INBA/PNBA Natural Olympia
• 2014 ABA/INBA/PNBA Spartan Natural Classic Bodybuilding Championships and Pro Figure Women of Sparta
• 2014 ABA/INBA/PNBA Natural Universe
• 2014 ABA/INBA/PNBA Natural Olympia
• 2015 ABA/INBA/PNBA North American Naturals^[63]

• 2017 UPA Detroit Barbell In-house Classic Powerlifting
• 2017 UPA Michigan Powerlifting State Championships
• 2018 USPA Main Street Mayhem Powerlifting
• 2019 USPA Bare-bones Powerlifting
• 2019 APF Cincinnati Women’s Pro/Am
• 2019 USPA National Powerlifting Championships^[63]

• 2015 ABA/INBA/PNBA North American Naturals
• 2015 DFAC Cardinal Classic
• 2015 DFAC World Finals
• 2015 ABA/INBA/PNBA Natural Olympia
• 2017 NPC Kentucky Muscle
• 2018 NPC Arnold Classic
• 2020 NPC Warrior Games
• 2020 NPC National Championships^[63]

In 2021, Angela switched from physique to bodybuilding and won her pro debut at the 2022 IFBB Pro Chicago Pro, qualifying for the2022 Ms. Olympia. She quickly rose up the bodybuilding ranks by placing runner-up toAndrea Shaw at the 2022 Ms. Olympia, a feat not achieved sinceDenise Rutkowski. This also qualified her for the 2023 Ms. Olympia. She later would repeat her runner-up placing to Andrea at the 2023 Rising Phoenix World Championships and 2023 Ms. Olympia.

• 2022 IFBB Pro League Chicago Pro - 1st
• 2022 IFBB Pro League Ms. Olympia - 2nd
• 2023 IFBB Pro League Rising Phoenix World Championships - 2nd
• 2023 IFBB Pro League Ms. Olympia - 2nd^[63]

Best posing3. Kristina Mendoza2. Nicole Chartrand1. Rene Marven

Most muscular1. Andrea Shaw

Angela Yeo She is currently the 2nd highest ranking professional female bodybuilder.

In 2021, Angela switched from physique to bodybuilding and won her pro debut at the 2022 IFBB Pro Chicago Pro, qualifying for the2022 Ms. Olympia. She quickly rose up the bodybuilding ranks by placing runner-up toAndrea Shaw at the 2022 Ms. Olympia, a feat not achieved sinceDenise Rutkowski. This also qualified her for the 2023 Ms. Olympia. She later would repeat her runner-up placing to Andrea at the 2023 Rising Phoenix World Championships.

• 2022 IFBB Chicago Pro - 1st
• 2022 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 2nd
• 2023 IFBB Rising Phoenix World Championships - 2nd

TheIFBB Professional LeagueJoe Weider's Olympia Masters (nicknamedMasters Olympia) sprofessionalmasters sport most prestigious competition

Year	Champions			Posedown music	Prize money
1994	Robby Robinson		Ed Corney (Masters 60+)
1995	Sonny Schmidt
1996	Vince Taylor		Jim Morris (Masters 60+)
1997	Vince Taylor (Masters 40+ & Overall)	Robby Robinson (Masters 50+)	Honore Cironte (Masters 60+)
1999	Vince Taylor
2000	Vince Taylor	Robby Robinson (Masters 50+)	Katsumi Ishimura (Masters 60+)
2001	Vince Taylor
2002	Don Youngblood
2003	Claude Groulx
2012	Dexter Jackson
2023	Kamal Elgargni

According to Roger Lockridge, he considered the following women to be early favorites for the 2023 Masters Olympia women's bodybuilding title: Donna Salib, Leah Dennie, due to her shoulders, and Reshanna Boswell, due to her legs and quadriceps.

Year	Champions	Posedown music	Prize money
2023	Reshanna Boswell

On March 9, 2015, the Utah Senate approvedSB 269, a bill to amend the Utah Code concerningjoint and several liability by replacing the term "husband and wife" with the term "spouses", by a vote of 27-0. On March 12, 2015, the Utah House of Representatives approved the bill by a vote of 39-30. On March 31, 2015, GovernorGary Herbert signed the bill into law and the bill took effect on May 12, 2015.^[73]

On February 7, 2017, the House approvedHB 150, a bill to amend the Utah Code concerning child custody consideration in cases of separation or divorce by replacing the term "husband and wife having" with the term "married couple having one or more", by a vote of 74-0. On February 16, 2017, the Senate voted 26-0 in favor of the bill. On March 17, 2017, Gov. Hebert signed the bill into law and it took effect on May 9, 2017.^[74]

On February 22, 2017, the Senate approvedSB 147, a bill to amend the Utah Code adding a new section stating that the Office of Recovery Services has authority to establish and enforce child support obligations against an alleged parent currently or formerly in a same-sex marriage on the same terms as the opposite-sex, by a vote of 29-0. On March 9, 2017, the House approved the bill by a vote fo 69-3. On March 20, 2017, Gov. Herbert signed the bill into law and it took effect on May 9, 2017.^[75]

Jacqueline "Jay" Fuchs (born July 31, 1971) is aSwiss professionalfemale bodybuilder. Her achievements in various competitions has led pundits to regard her as one of the "ten best female bodybuilders in the world".^[76]

In July 2016, Fuchs won that year's edition of the IFBB Chicago Pro.^[77][78] The victory qualified her to vie for the crown of professional female bodybuilding at theRising Phoenix World Championships that September. Fuchs placed 12th overall.

2018

• IFBB Chicago Pro Championships - 3rd
• IFBB Lenda Murray Pro - 1st
• IFBB WOS Rising Phoenix World Championships - 11th

2017

• IFBB Tampa Pro - 5th

2016

• 2016 IFBB Wings of Strength Rising Phoenix World Championships – 12th
• Wings of Strength Chicago Pro

• Bodybuilding: IFBB Pro Women (1st)

• Wings of Strength Chicago Pro

• Bodybuilding: MGL Best Poser Award

2015

• IFBB Tampa Pro

• Bodybuilding: Wings of Strength Best Poser

• IFBB Tampa Pro

• Bodybuilding: IFBB Pro Women (5th)

2012

• Arnold Amateur Europe

• Bodybuilding: Women Bodybuilding (1st)

In the filmMad Heidi, Jacqueline plays the character Rosi, a Swiss bodybuilder female prison inmate. She shares a cell with a fellow Swiss bodybuilder Flora, played byJulia Föry. They are both introduced in their cell arm wrestling each other and both were equally matched. The arm wrestling is interrupted with Heidi and Klara both joining their cell and Klara becomes a victim of Rosi's sadist abuse. Both are experts inschwingen. She is killed accidentally by Flora while trying to kill Heidi.

After 12 years of training, at age 27, Joanna movedLos Angeles. Her goal is to win theMs. Olympia title and retire at the top. In order to make it to the Olympia stage, she has to win a qualifier called theGNC. Over the next 4 months, she has to lose 30 lbs and build her muscles as she trains atGold's GymVenice. She endures regular painfulmassage sessions to tear her muscles to make them larger. Her father, Donovan, said after she wins the Olympia he wants her to retire, get into a relationship and have kids.

The bodybuilding industry is poorly funded, so Joanna has a members only website where 400 members pay $25 dollars a month to enter. Her members get to talk to her and see her pose. Her parents would prefer if Joanna didn't have the website, but admitted she needed to make money and that sell sex. With 6 weeks left to go before the GNC, Joanna's friend,Debbie, helps Joanna train and motivated. She has to build larger and more defined muscles than Debbie if she wants to win the GNC.

Joanna is 1 week away from the GNC.Performance-enhancing drug use is a question that she has to constantly deal with. While she does not deny taking performance-enhancing drugs, anirritated Joannasarcastically said that it's all about the steroids and that they take steroids and look like that. She tells the audience to try this a few weeks and see how you look. She says she gets very defensive of bodybuilding because it's a lot of hard work and people just presume. She concludes by saying take what you want, but alot of people won't look like her and says it's not just about what people take, but what's in here as she points to her head.

Joanna's parents, Donovan and Mary, also had strong views on performance-enhancing drugs. Her father said he wasn't agreeing with it all, but said it was up to the individual to take that on and face the consequences. Her mother said this is the standard the judges want and the contestants will do what they can to get to that condition. Her father countered that they shouldn't get involved with it, but her mother said they won't get anywhere if they didn't.

Joanna goes to her nutritionist for measurements. He commented that the only place she was holding fat was her back. She said she has 3 more weeks till the Olympia and would try to get that bit off. She is aiming for 3%bodyfat, very low level compared to the recommended minimum of 18% bodyfat for women. The nutritionist explained that 3% bodyfat isn't very healthy and when you got below 9-10% bodyfat you start losing yourmenstrual cycle. He tells her she has 2.6% bodyfat and that if she does it for a short period of time she's good.

Joanna is at risk of damaging hervital organs as her regime has lost her 30 lbs in 16 weeks. Before flying toAtlanta that night for the GNC, she does a photo shoot for her website. She has to constantly update the website to keep members subscribed. She said she was embarrassed because she was in a really small bikini that she would normally never wear. She poses on the beach for her photo shoot in front of a few staring onlookers. She said bodybuilding was not quite the sport it is today when she started and that the dream of bodybuilding was not the reality of it. Since herbreast tissue was made of fat, she had to getbreast implants.

Joanna tells a male bodybuilder she is walking with she is sick as being as asex object and never seen as an athlete. She says she has nosponsorship at the moment and only makes money from her website. She says stupid people are emailing her and she can't even check her email sometimes. She concludes her talk with him by saying she wants to be appreciated sometimes a little differently. Joanna calls her mom and tells her she is nervous about the show and wants to get it done. She also says she has alot of body injuries.

It is the morning of the GNC outside of theCobb Galleria Centre. At her apartment inAtlanta, Joanna has makeup applied to her by Debbie and another female bodybuilder. She says because they are very muscular, they must exaggerate the rest of theirfemininity tocompensate for whatsociety defines as beingmasculine. The GNC Show of Strength is the last chance this year for female bodybuilders to qualify for the Olympia. Joanna must place 1st or 2nd place at the GNC in order to qualify.

Backstage at the GNC, Joanna sees her contestants for the first time. The contestants are all in colored bikinis with numbers on them and are working out prior to taking stage. She commented that Jeannie Paparone has nice shape to her, has her on a couple of things and she could be hard for her to beat. Jeannie said she was training for 8 months Joanna commented that some of the contestants has been training all year around and she had only been training since May. Just before taking stage, the women attempt to make their veins bulge out of their skin by eating sugary foods. The contestants are called up to line up numerically before going on stage. They are told to have noear rings on, only wedding ring]].

Joanna, who is contestant number 7, is called up on stage to individually free form pose, followed up by number 8, Jeannie, number 9, Monica Martin and number 15, Nancy Lewis. Joanna has to be beat 9 or 10 contestants and place 1st or 2nd in order to qualify. Following this, Monica, Jeannie, Joanna, number 6, Angela Debatin and 5, Mary Jerumbo, are all lines up numerically doing compulsory poses. This is all part of the first round, which judges the contestants on their muscularity andsymmetry. The contestants look strong, but they are actually at their weakest physically after weeks of crash dieting. So tensing and holding poses can be exhausting for the contestants.

At the end of the first round, the judges pick out their 3 favorites. The order is a strong indicator of the final placing. Joanna said if she isn't called out 1st or 2nd that there is a problem. Theemcee calls out Nancy first, contestant number 2, Rosemary Jennings second and Joanna third. Debbie speculates Joanna could place 2nd or 3rd. She won't find out where she placed until the final round of the evening event. After the first round, backstage Debbie tells her the only thing she needs to do is to spread her legs more.

Debbie and another female bodybuilder are helping Joanna get on her finals bikini. A last minute decision means she is moved up on the schedule by 11 minutes to be on stage, instead of 30 minutes. She is enraged as she is not pumped up at all. She works out and consumes sugary drinks before being called on stage. She came on stage in a pink bikini and posed to the songBarbie Girl. Joanna, along with Nancy, Rosemary, Jeannie, contestant number 1, Gayle Moher and number 4, Mary Doss all beganperforming free form poses and try to over-shine their contestants for the judges to see. After Gayle is announced 4th place and Rosemary announced 3rd place, both Joanna and Nancy hold hands as it is announced that Joanna came in 2nd place.

Afterwards, Joanna said some people thought she should have won it, but she wanted to see the scoresheet. Her 2nd won her just $2,000 and even if she wins the Olympia she'll only get $10,000, a mere fraction of the $120,000 hermale counterparts get. So immediately she starts modeling again for her website. She says it's impossible for her to be both a professional athlete and work a job 60 hours a week. The modeler says the people on her website are attracted to large biceps and the vascularity of the veins.

Joanna's parents, Donovan and Mary, commented they never thought she would do anything like modeling for a website. Her parents send her aDVD of family videos, including her watching her first contest. She comments that she wishes she had the passion she had when she first competed in bodybuilding and commented her face was cuter. The DVD video concludes with her being named the 57 kiloEast Midlands champion for 1997. She commented that when she was young she was the only one in school who could dopress-ups. She said she started so young that bodybuilding isn't a sport or a hobby, it is who she is.

The day before the Olympia, Joanna is back gym training. She looks strong, but a diet of protein powder and dried meat means she's at her weakest. After five months of training, she and Debbie are at Olympia atMandalay Bay inLas Vegas. The night before the Olympia, bodybuilding fans get to meet the contestants and Joanna gets a look at the other contestants.Dayana Cadeau boasts that there is nobody in her class who can beat her.

Joanna must spend the next 12 hours fasting and dehydrating before the contest. She flew her parents to the Olympia and it the first time in five months they have seen her. As they head to the Olympia for her to compete, she tells her mom that if she doesn't get called the first two times of each round she's at the bottom placing.

Joanna's dream since she started bodybuilding when she was 15 was to win the Olympia and retire at the top of her sport. She awaits her turn to be called on stage as contestant number 1,Marja Lehtonen, number 4,Denise Masino and number 2, Dayana Cadeau, all get on stage individually and free form pose. She comments that these are the best female bodybuilders in the world and have done several of these shows before. Joanna, who is number 9, gets up on stage and free form poses.

Joanna is up against eight other contestants. Several women will be called forward by the judges if she's going to be crowned Ms. Olympia her name has to be called out. The emcee calls out the following contestants: Denise, Dayana, contestant number 3, Desiree Ellis, contestant number 8, Mah Ann Mendoza and Marja. Joanna was not called out in the first round and she only have the evening show to improve her chances of winning.

At the finals, Dayana, Marja and Denise are shown individually free form posing. Joanna says winning the Ms. Olympia is akin to winning hundred meters sprinting for England at theOlympic Games. She is called on stage does her free form posing. The emcee announces the top 3 contestants: Marja, Denise and Dayana, who won 1st place.

Next morning, Joanna calls one of the Olympia judges, Steve Weinberger, and he told her she came in 7th place. The judge tells her that her lower body does not match her upper body so she is not symmetrical and that's why she is placing lower. She said she didn't want to end her career with her being told she didn't have good legs. She tells her parents that she makes more money in Los Angeles than in theUnited Kingdom being astaff nurse. Her father hopes that once she retires, she gets in a relationship and has children so he can be a grandfather. Joanna says she is committed to bodybuilding and doesn't want to retire.

Vito Arena, a Gambino crime family and DeMeo crew member, described as "openly homosexual". His lover was Joey Lee. Thought Roy and Freddy did not care, this caused some to keep their distance. They treated him as an outsider and less reliable. In the stolen car Vito was using, the police found an album of Vito, Joey and other men engaging in sexual acts. Vito then assumed that unless he cooperated with the police, they would blackmail him with the photographs or share them with Roy. Vito decided to become an NYPD informant.https://nathanielsimmons.wordpress.com/2012/05/07/unfounded-fear-and-the-nc-marriage-amendment/

According to Gene Hwang's 1998 Arnold Classic Weekend Report, he described Yolanda's physique as having "decent symmetry, not awesome", but "not ripped". He also commented that her stomach had a little beer gut appearance when exhaling. In Dale Bivens' Competitor Assessments, he thought Lesa Lewis should have won and thought Yolanda winning was a "crime". He described her as having "bloated, though muscular abs" and "not the most symmetrical [ by a long shot] nor the most muscled". He thought that she benefited that most of the competitors seemed to be a "little off", excluding Lesa.

At the 2001 Ms. International, going into the 2001 Ms. International lightweight posedown, Brenda lead Dayana by a score of 22 to 25, but after the posedown, Dayana beaten Brenda by a score of 30 to 32, the 2nd two point victory in Ms. International history. Ondrea won the heavyweight and overall Ms. International title, whileDayana Cadeau dethroned the reigning Ms. International lightweight Brenda. This was Ondrea' 3rd overall and 2nd heavyweight Ms. International title and Dayana's 1st lightweight Ms. International title. This was Ondrea's 3rd consecutive overall Ms. International title win, along with her 2nd consecutive heavyweight Ms. International title win, beating Laura Creavalle's and Yolanda Hughes-Heying's two consecutive overall Ms. International title wins andKenneth Wheeler's two consecutive overall Arnold Classic title wins.

In Bill Dobbin's 2001 Ms. International - Contest Report, he commented that Ondrea attempted to conform as much as possible to the IFBB judging "guidelines" and this has severely compromised the quality of her physique since the 1999 Ms. Olympia. He added that compared to Iris, Ondrea had an excellent upper body, especially her arms, but had no legs compared to Iris. He described the decision by the judges to award Ondrea the title over Iris as simply wrong and possibly politically motivated. Talking about the lightweights, he noted that historically Dayana normally competed as a heavyweight. He stated the reason Dayana beat Brenda was due to Dayana being more muscular than her.

When Meadow asked Carmela if Janice was gay, she responded she had only dated men, but added she did work at a women's book store. She asks where do you get off asking that and stated her mother would have slapped her face if she asked about her aunt's sexual preferences.

When A.J. says that Mr. Weggler saidBilly Budd is a gay book, Carmela called that ridiculous. She gets into a back and fourth debate with Meadow, Finn and asked a rhetorical question that it was written in the 19th century. She commented how this "gay nonsense" is pervading in educational system and media. She stated she was sorry, but thatBilly Budd is not a homosexual book. She said she saw the filmBilly Budd and that it is the story of an innocent sailor being picked on by an evil boss. She commented that was a biblical reference, which doesn't necessarily make it gay. I'm saying it's ridiculous how everything is being sold as homosexual. She commented that Leslie Fiedler doesn't know what they are talking about.

When Tony commented that he thinks Robert Wegler is gay, Carmela said it was a fear of his or he won't talk about so often. Tony retorted by asking her what part of hell did she say they go. She commented that "was a long time ago." Tony said she only changed her views because she got a couple of gay male friends, which she does not answer.

After Tony told Carmela that Vito was gay, he swore her to secrecy. When Rosalie found out from a source, Carmela wondered how Vito's children would react when they find out their father's a "finook". She also asked Rosalie if Marie and Vito had someopen marriage arrangement. When Meadow overheard part of the conversation, she mentioned Finn saw Vito giving a security guard a blow job. Carmela immediately tells Tony.

Political views

She stated she voted for Bush in 2004.

A quick history: When Carmela was caught reading Fred Barnes’ “Rebel-in-Chief” in bed earlier this season, observers suggested that “The Sopranos” writers were linking the Bush administration’s fortunes to Tony Soprano’s crumbling world.

who recently said “amen” to building a wall around America.

Seasons ago, she was fond of Hillary Clinton. Over lunch in one episode, friend Rosalie Aprile said of Hillary: “She stood by him and put up with the bullshit, and in the end, what did she do? She set up her own little thing.”

Carmela responded with this: Hillary “should be an example to us all.” Indeed, Hillary became an example to Carmela, who set up her own little thing by studying for a real estate license. Not sure at the time if the real estate was a sweet land deal in Arkansas, but hey, it was something.

That is ridiculous. I've heard that before. That was written in the 19th century? I didn't know they had fags back then. A.J. No offense. I'm not gay. You're not? No. I read where they found gay cave-drawings in Africa. Really? Shut up! This stuff is pervading our educational system... not to mention movies, TV shows. What "stuff"? This gay nonsense they're teaching. I am sorry, but Billy Budd is not a homosexual book. Actually it is, Mother. I saw the movie, Meadow, with Terence Stamp. He was in Priscilla, Queen of the Desert. I don't know about that. But Billy Budd is the story of an innocent sailor being picked on by an evil boss. Who is picking on him out of self-loathing caused by... homosexual feelings in a military context. Oh, please! Okay. Actually, Mrs. Soprano... there is a passage where Melville compares Billy... to a nude statue of Adam. Really? I thought you read it. It's a biblical reference, does that make it gay? What's the difference? I'm saying it's ridiculous how everything is being sold as homosexual. Must be a gay book. Billy Budd's the ship's florist, right? ( Laughing ) Leslie Fiedler has written on gay themes in literature... since the early '60s, Billy Budd in particular. Well, she doesn't know what she's talking about. She's a he, Mother, and he's lectured at Columbia, as a matter of fact. Well, maybe he's gay. You ever thought of that?

Read more at:https://tvshowtranscripts.ourboard.org/viewtopic.php?f=848&t=35455

• Reichsführer-SS
• Chief of the German Police
• Reichsminister of the Interior
• Commander of the Replacement Army
• Commander of Army Group Vistula
• Commander of Army Group Upper Rhine
• Acting Director of the Reich Security Main Office
• Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood
• Member of the Prussian State Council
• Reichsleiter of the Nazi Party
• Member of the Greater German Reichstag
• Member of the Reichstag
• SS Race and Settlement Main Office
• Commander of the Replacement Army
• General Plenipotentiary for Administration
• SS-Gauführer of Lower Bavaria
• Deputy propaganda chief
• Deputy Reichsführer-SS
• Chief of the Munich police

No	Name	Country	Judging	Finals	Total	Place
1	MayLa Ash	Irving,Texas	13		13	4
2	Michaela Aycock	Bartow,Florida	9		9	3
3	Reshanna Boswell	Deerfield Beach,Illinois	28		28	9
4	Nicki Chartrand	Alberta,Canada	32		32	10
5	Leah Dennie	North Richland Hills,Texas	39		39	13
6	Chelsea Dion	Las Vegas,Nevada	16		16	5
7	Julia Foery	Switzerland	43		43	14
8	Taylor Iraggi	Maplewood,New Jersey	48		48	16
9	Rene Marven	Chandler,Arizona	33		33	11
10	LaDawn McDay	Detroit,Michigan	44		44	15
11	Kristina Mendoza	Las Vegas, Nevada	24		24	8
12	Sherry Priami	Melbroune, Florida	21		21	7
13	Andrea Shaw	Clinton Township, Michigan	3		3	1
14	Melissa Teich	Tucson, Arizona	17		17	6
15	Angela Yeo	Toledo,Ohio	6		6	2
16	Tina Williams	Lawrence,Kansas	48		48	16
17	Virginia Sanchez	Spain	34		34	12[1]

Angela C. Yeo (néeWortman; born July 23, 1984) is an American professional bodybuilder, along with a former professional figure, powerlifter and women's physique contestant. She is currently the 2nd highest ranking professional female bodybuilder.

Her hometown isTemperance, Michigan.Bedford Public SchoolsInternational Sports Sciences AssociationEastern Michigan University

^[4]

• 2013 EPFNB Toledo Glass Scepter
• 2013 ABA/INBA/PNBA Natural Universe
• 2013 ABA/INBA/PNBA Natural Olympia
• 2014 ABA/INBA/PNBA Spartan Natural Classic Bodybuilding Championships and Pro Figure Women of Sparta
• 2014 ABA/INBA/PNBA Natural Universe
• 2014 ABA/INBA/PNBA Natural Olympia
• 2015 ABA/INBA/PNBA North American Naturals^[5]

• 2017 UPA Detroit Barbell In-house Classic Powerlifting
• 2017 UPA Michigan Powerlifting State Championships
• 2018 USPA Main Street Mayhem Powerlifting
• 2019 USPA Bare-bones Powerlifting
• 2019 APF Cincinnati Women’s Pro/Am
• 2019 USPA National Powerlifting Championships^[5]

• 2015 ABA/INBA/PNBA North American Naturals
• 2015 DFAC Cardinal Classic
• 2015 DFAC World Finals
• 2015 ABA/INBA/PNBA Natural Olympia
• 2017 NPC Kentucky Muscle
• 2018 NPC Arnold Classic
• 2020 NPC Warrior Games
• 2020 NPC National Championships^[5]

In 2021, Angela switched from physique to bodybuilding and won her pro debut at the 2022 IFBB Pro Chicago Pro, qualifying for the2022 Ms. Olympia. She quickly rose up the bodybuilding ranks by placing runner-up toAndrea Shaw at the 2022 Ms. Olympia, a feat not achieved sinceDenise Rutkowski. This also qualified her for the 2023 Ms. Olympia. She later would repeat her runner-up placing to Andrea at the 2023 Rising Phoenix World Championships and 2023 Ms. Olympia.

• 2022 IFBB Pro League Chicago Pro - 1st
• 2022 IFBB Pro League Ms. Olympia - 2nd
• 2023 IFBB Pro League Rising Phoenix World Championships - 2nd
• 2023 IFBB Pro League Ms. Olympia - 2nd^[5]

Best posing3. Kristina Mendoza2. Nicole Chartrand1. Rene Marven

Most muscular1. Andrea Shaw

Angela Yeo She is currently the 2nd highest ranking professional female bodybuilder.

In 2021, Angela switched from physique to bodybuilding and won her pro debut at the 2022 IFBB Pro Chicago Pro, qualifying for the2022 Ms. Olympia. She quickly rose up the bodybuilding ranks by placing runner-up toAndrea Shaw at the 2022 Ms. Olympia, a feat not achieved sinceDenise Rutkowski. This also qualified her for the 2023 Ms. Olympia. She later would repeat her runner-up placing to Andrea at the 2023 Rising Phoenix World Championships.

• 2022 IFBB Chicago Pro - 1st
• 2022 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 2nd
• 2023 IFBB Rising Phoenix World Championships - 2nd

TheIFBB Professional LeagueJoe Weider's Olympia Masters (nicknamedMasters Olympia) sprofessionalmasters sport most prestigious competition

Year	Champions			Posedown music	Prize money
1994	Robby Robinson		Ed Corney (Masters 60+)
1995	Sonny Schmidt
1996	Vince Taylor		Jim Morris (Masters 60+)
1997	Vince Taylor (Masters 40+ & Overall)	Robby Robinson (Masters 50+)	Honore Cironte (Masters 60+)
1999	Vince Taylor
2000	Vince Taylor	Robby Robinson (Masters 50+)	Katsumi Ishimura (Masters 60+)
2001	Vince Taylor
2002	Don Youngblood
2003	Claude Groulx
2012	Dexter Jackson
2023	Kamal Elgargni

According to Roger Lockridge, he considered the following women to be early favorites for the 2023 Masters Olympia women's bodybuilding title: Donna Salib, Leah Dennie, due to her shoulders, and Reshanna Boswell, due to her legs and quadriceps.

Year	Champions	Posedown music	Prize money
2023	Reshanna Boswell

On March 9, 2015, the Utah Senate approvedSB 269, a bill to amend the Utah Code concerningjoint and several liability by replacing the term "husband and wife" with the term "spouses", by a vote of 27-0. On March 12, 2015, the Utah House of Representatives approved the bill by a vote of 39-30. On March 31, 2015, GovernorGary Herbert signed the bill into law and the bill took effect on May 12, 2015.^[15]

On February 7, 2017, the House approvedHB 150, a bill to amend the Utah Code concerning child custody consideration in cases of separation or divorce by replacing the term "husband and wife having" with the term "married couple having one or more", by a vote of 74-0. On February 16, 2017, the Senate voted 26-0 in favor of the bill. On March 17, 2017, Gov. Hebert signed the bill into law and it took effect on May 9, 2017.^[16]

On February 22, 2017, the Senate approvedSB 147, a bill to amend the Utah Code adding a new section stating that the Office of Recovery Services has authority to establish and enforce child support obligations against an alleged parent currently or formerly in a same-sex marriage on the same terms as the opposite-sex, by a vote of 29-0. On March 9, 2017, the House approved the bill by a vote fo 69-3. On March 20, 2017, Gov. Herbert signed the bill into law and it took effect on May 9, 2017.^[17]

Jacqueline "Jay" Fuchs (born July 31, 1971) is aSwiss professionalfemale bodybuilder. Her achievements in various competitions has led pundits to regard her as one of the "ten best female bodybuilders in the world".^[18]

In July 2016, Fuchs won that year's edition of the IFBB Chicago Pro.^[19][20] The victory qualified her to vie for the crown of professional female bodybuilding at theRising Phoenix World Championships that September. Fuchs placed 12th overall.

2018

• IFBB Chicago Pro Championships - 3rd
• IFBB Lenda Murray Pro - 1st
• IFBB WOS Rising Phoenix World Championships - 11th

2017

• IFBB Tampa Pro - 5th

2016

• 2016 IFBB Wings of Strength Rising Phoenix World Championships – 12th
• Wings of Strength Chicago Pro

• Bodybuilding: IFBB Pro Women (1st)

• Wings of Strength Chicago Pro

• Bodybuilding: MGL Best Poser Award

2015

• IFBB Tampa Pro

• Bodybuilding: Wings of Strength Best Poser

• IFBB Tampa Pro

• Bodybuilding: IFBB Pro Women (5th)

2012

• Arnold Amateur Europe

• Bodybuilding: Women Bodybuilding (1st)

In the filmMad Heidi, Jacqueline plays the character Rosi, a Swiss bodybuilder female prison inmate. She shares a cell with a fellow Swiss bodybuilder Flora, played byJulia Föry. They are both introduced in their cell arm wrestling each other and both were equally matched. The arm wrestling is interrupted with Heidi and Klara both joining their cell and Klara becomes a victim of Rosi's sadist abuse. Both are experts inschwingen. She is killed accidentally by Flora while trying to kill Heidi.

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