Its fundamental regulation is placed in Title IV of the Constitution, as well as in Title V of that document, with respect to its relationship with theCortes Generales, and in Law 50/1997, of 27 November, of the Government. According to Article 97 of the Constitution and Article 1.1 of the Government Act, "the Government directs domestic and foreign policy, the civil and military administration and the defense of the State. It exercises the executive function and the regulatory regulation according to the Constitution and the laws".
The government is occasionally referred to by themetonymyMoncloa because thePalace of Moncloa is the headquarters of the government, as well as the residence of the prime minister.
The Government's performance is governed by the following operating principles:[3]
Principle of presidential direction: ThePrime Minister directs theMinisters and can appoint or dismiss them freely.
Principle of responsibility: The Prime Minister responds politically to theCongress of Deputies for the action of the Government. The eventual cessation of the Prime Minister implies the cessation of the Government.
Principle of collegiality: The Government, understood asCouncil of Ministers, is a collegiate body composed of a plurality of members of the Government.
Principle of solidarity: The Government responds in solidum for the action of each one of the members of the Government.
Departmental principle: The members of the Government, as well as members of this collegiate body, are also the heads of adepartment in charge of a more or less homogeneous area of competence.
The Kingdom of Spain is aconstitutional monarchy in which executive decisions are made by the Government. More specifically, the Spanish Constitution describes Spain's form of government asmonarquía parlamentaria,[4] or parliamentary monarchy, in which the monarch acts as a moderator rather than a source of executory authority. Spain possesses an asymmetricbicameral parliament, called theCortes Generales, composed of theCongress of Deputies and theSenate. While both the Congress and Senate propose legislation, albeit by different procedural mechanisms, the government has the right to be consulted for such proposals. The government may also propose law directly. A government-sponsored bill is known as aproyecto de ley, contrasting with aproposición de ley which is offered by a house of parliament.
Neither the prime minister nor the ministers are required to bemembers of parliament,[5] but the government must account to both the Senate and Congress every week in a parliamentary meeting known as asesión de control (control session) (Part V § 108). Questioning minor-rank ministers, such as Secretaries of State or Under-secretaries, must be done inParliamentary Committees.[6][7] While the prime minister is usually elected from the members of Congress, prime ministerPedro Sánchez was not a member of either chamber for the first year of his premiership.[8]
Under the parliamentary system, the Government is required to maintain the confidence of the Congress of Deputies. In the absence of such confidence, the Government may fall or prove unable to pass legislation. There are two procedures to ascertain the Congress's confidence in the Government: themotion of no-confidence (Part V § 113), by which members of parliament can ask the Congress to rescind its confidence in the prime minister and to elect another, and thequestion of confidence (Part V § 112), by which the prime minister asks the Congress if it supports the Government's political programs generally or a specific piece of legislation. A loss by the Government in either case may result in the removal of the prime minister.
King Juan Carlos I assenting to and enacting a law...
... and PM Rajoy countersigning the law.
TheSpanish monarch,King Felipe VI as of 2025[update], is the head of state and thecommander-in-chief of the armed forces. As a monarch of a parliamentary monarchy, the executive power does not belong to The Crown and is independent from it. The Constitution gives the monarch a symbolic role, but also a moderating role, being able to intervene if there is a conflict between the country's institutions (Part II § 56).
The Constitution also gives the monarch some powers known asRoyal Prerogatives. These prerogatives range from the signing of international treaties, to declaring war and making peace or to dissolving the parliament. However, with the arrival of democracy, these prerogatives have been regulated and most of them must becountersigned by an official.
Although the monarch is not part of the executive power, the prime minister has weekly meetings with him to inform him about the Government's activity, and the King can express his opinion.[9] Similarly, the monarch is normally invited to the firstCouncil of Ministers of every new government, and others at the prime minister's discretion, and to the meetings of bodies such as theNational Security Council and the National Defence Council.
The power to propose, appoint and dismiss theprime minister. This power is exercised by the monarch himself. By convention heproposes the individual who has most support in Congress; his powers ofappointment anddismissal are exercised subject to the Constitution.
The power to dismiss and appoint otherministers. This power is exercised by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister.
The power to assent to and enact laws by givingRoyal Assent toBills passed by Parliament, which is required in order for a bill to become law. This prerogative is exercised by the monarch but needs the countersignature of the prime minister. The constitution does not allow a monarch to refuse to sign a law passed by Parliament.
The power to assent to and enact norms with a lower rank than law. This prerogative is exercised by the monarch but needs the countersignature of the prime minister, a minister, thepresident of the Congress, or theSenate (depending on the kind of norm).
The power to call areferendum. This is exercised with the countersignature of the prime minister after being requested by the Council of Ministers.[10]
The power to giveroyal pardons, in Spain known as right of grace (derecho de gracia). The decision of whom to pardon is delegated to theMinister of Justice and the Council of Ministers.
The power to be informed of affairs of State and chair the sessions of the Council of Ministers. It is exercised after being requested by the prime minister.
The power to grant civil and military jobs. This prerogative requires a Government countersignature.
The power to appoint civil or military members of hisprivate household.
The power to use freely the budget of his household.
Other members. There is the possibility of incorporating other figures into Government by law (such as Secretaries of State). However, this constitutional possibility has not yet been used.
In accordance with article 11 of the Law of the Government, "to be a member of the Government it is required to be Spanish, adult, to enjoy the rights of active and passive suffrage, as well as not to be disabled to exercise employment or public office by sentence Judicial firm."[5]
Members of the Government enjoy their own criminal procedure, and can only be tried by the Criminal Chamber of theSupreme Court.[11]
The initiation of a case fortreason or against the security of the State can only respond to the initiative of a quarter of theCongress of Deputies, must be approved by anabsolute majority thereof,[12] and apardon can not be granted in such cases.[13]
Section 101 of theSpanish Constitution says that "the Government shall resign after the holding of general elections, in the event of loss of parliamentary confidence as provided in the Constitution, or on the resignation or death of the President. The outgoing Government shall continue as acting body until the new Government takes office".[14]
Between the approval of the Constitution in 1978 and the approval of the Government Act of 1997, there were no explicit limitations to the powers of an acting government except for what doctrine and parliamentary practice said. With this constitutional precept it was intended that the succession of one Government by another does not affect the fundamental continuity of the governmental action or that paralysis or dysfunctions occur in the system as a whole.[15] This need of not leaving a modern state without its central governing body is explained very well in aSupreme Court declaration that "It is easy to understand that Spain can not run out of government even for a few hours".[16]
In 1997 the Government Act was passed, regulating a caretaker government in Title 4. In addition to the aforementioned constitutional provisions, Section 21 of the Government Act establishes that "the caretaker government shall facilitate the normal development of the process of formation of the new Government and the transfer of powers to it and limit its duties to the ordinary office of public affairs, abstaining from adopting, except in cases of urgency duly accredited or for reasons of general interest whose accreditation expressly justifies it, any other measures".[17]
This article also establishes explicit limitations on theprime minister, preventing them from "proposing to the King the dissolution of any of the Chambers or theCortes Generales, raising the question of confidence, or proposing to the King the calling for a consultative referendum" and on the Government prohibiting it from "the approval of theState General Budget Bill or presenting bills to theCortes Generales". The government may not exercise the legislative delegations that the parliament has granted to it while acting as a caretaker government.[17]
On the occasion of the 2015–2016 caretaker government ofMariano Rajoy, the Government refused repeatedly to submit to the control of theCongress of Deputies alleging that there was no trust relationship between both powers as it was a caretaker government and, therefore, the legislative power could not control the executive. Faced with this situation, the Congress denounced the Executive Power before theConstitutional Court for refusing to submit to its control and, on 22 November 2018, the high court ruled that the Government "undermined the constitutional attribution" that the Constitution confers on Congress and that although "control of the Government's action will normally be exercised within the framework of the confidence that must exist between the Government and the Congress of Deputies", this does not mean that "exceptionally, as are the periods in which there is no relationship of trust between Congress and the Government, the aforementioned control function can not be exercised" since "the control function that corresponds to theCortes Generales is implicit in its representative character and in the form of parliamentary government that establishes Article 1.3 of the Constitution, not being able to deny the Chambers all exercise of the control function, since this would affect to the balance of powers foreseen in our Constitution".[18][19]
As of 2025[update] the longest caretaker government in Spanish politics since the restoration of democracy in 1977 was the 2015–2016Rajoy government, with a record of 316 days.[20]
The General State Budget is considered one of the most important legislations that a Government can pass. According to theConstitution, the Government is the only body that can propose theBudget bill; the parliament may accept it, reject it or propose modifications. If the Congress approves a full budget amendment, the budget is automatically rejected.
The Constitution also granted the cities ofCeuta andMelilla autonomy, which was implemented in 1995. The Constitution also gives them the possibility to become fully autonomous communities, but as of 2025[update] these cities have not requested this.
Parts of this article (those related to Commissioners) need to beupdated. The reason given is: Some no longer exist and there are new ones.. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(January 2024)
Although it is not a very common position within theAdministration, the position of Commissioner or High Commissioner, a senior official normally holding the position of Secretary of State or Under Secretary and entrusted with a specific task, has existed.
As of 2025[update] there are two high commissioners, three special commissioners and two commissioners, all of them with the rank of Under-Secretary:
TheHigh Commissioner for Spain Entrepreneurial Nation, created in 2020 to coordinate all the actions relating the economic and technological entrepreneurship. It has the rank of Under Secretary and it depends from the Prime Minister.[22]
TheSpecial Commissioner for the Alliance for the New Economy of Language, created in 2022 to promote and coordinate all projects related to the private-public project which aims to useSpanish and otherSpanish languages in the field ofartificial intelligence. It has the rank of Under Secretary and it depends from the minister of Economy.[23]
TheSpecial Commissioner for Transport, Mobility and Urban Agenda, created in 2022 to promote and coordinate all transport, mobility and urban agenda private-public projects. It has the rank of Under Secretary and it depends from the minister of Transport.[24]
TheSpecial Commissioner for the Reconstruction of the island of La Palma, created in 2022 to coordinate and promote the actions adopted by theGeneral State Administration to repair the damage caused byvolcanic eruptions and for the reconstruction of the island ofLa Palma. It has the rank of Under Secretary and it depends from the minister of the Presidency, although functionally from the minister of Transport.[25]
TheCommissioner for Aerospace 'PERTE', created in 2022 to promote and coordinate all projects related to the private-public project which aims to reform the Spanish aerospace industry and to assist the Ministry of Science in the necessary actions to create theSpanish Space Agency.[26]
TheCommissioner for the Promotion of Sustainable Energy in the Islands, created in 2022 to coordinate and promote public policies forsustainable energy in theBalearic andCanary archipelagos. It depends from theSecretary of State for Energy of the Ministry of Ecological Transition.[27]
Because of thePrestige oil spill in late 2002, the Government created in 2003 theCommissioner for actions arising from the catastrophe of the ship "Prestige" to collaborate in the actions to repair the damages originated by it. It was suppressed in 2004. It had the rank of Secretary of State and it depended from theDeputy Prime Minister.[28]
In 2003 it was created theCommissioner of the Government for the participation of Spain in the reconstruction of Iraq and the position was assumed by theSecretary of State of Defence.[30]
After the2004 Madrid train bombings, the government created theHigh Commissioner for the Support of Victims of Terrorism. It had rank of Secretary of State and it depended from thePrime Minister.[31]
In 2005 it was created theCommissioner of the Government for the celebration of the 32nd America's Cup to coordinate the organization of the2007 America's Cup after which the Commissioner ceased in its functions. It had rank of Under Secretary and it depended from thePublic Administration Minister.[32]
Between 2011 and 2013 existed the position ofCommissioner of the Government for actions derived from the Lorca earthquake, renamed in 2012Commissioner of the Government for the Reconstruction and Economic Reactivation of the Lorca Zone, to coordinate, monitoring and, where appropriate, the proposal to the Government of the measures to repair and rebuild the affected area by the2011 Lorca earthquake in collaboration with theRegion of Murcia and theCity Council of Lorca. It had rank of Secretary of State and it depended from theMinisters of the Presidency andDevelopment.[33]
Between 2012 and 2018 existed the position ofHigh Commissioner of the Government for the Spain Brand to improve the foreign image and to promote Spain. It had the rank of Secretary of State and it depended from theForeign Minister. In 2018, its competences where assumed by theSecretary of State for Global Spain.
The Commissioner of the Government for the Demographic Challenge, created in 2017 to develop a nation-wide common strategy to face the progressivepopulation ageing, territorial depopulation and the effects of thefloating population. It had the rank of Under Secretary and it was part of theTerritorial Policy Ministry.[34] It was abolished in 2020 and its competences were assumed by the newly General Secretariat for the Demographic Challenge.
The High Commissioner for the 2030 Agenda, created in 2018 to coordinate all the actions taken by the Public Administrations to accomplish with theSustainable Development Goals. It had the rank of Under Secretary and it was part of thePrime Minister's Office.[21] Abolished in 2020, its competences were assumed by the Secretariat of State for the 2030 Agenda.
Shown here is the official logo of the Government of Spain. On the left are theEU and theSpanish flags and in the centre is thecoat of arms of Spain and the wordsGobierno de España (in English: "Government of Spain"). Theministries’ logos consist of additional yellow rectangles added to the right of the Government's logo, which read the name of the ministry in the same typographic style (Gill Sans).
^Reviriego Picón, Fernando (2017).The Outgoing Government in the Supreme Court's Doctrine. Revista Española de Derecho Constitucional. p. 382.doi:10.18042/cepc/redc.109.13.
