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ASpanish creole (Spanish:criollo), orSpanish-based creole language, is acreole language (contact language with native speakers) for whichSpanish serves as its substantiallexifier.
A number of creole languages are influenced to varying degrees by the Spanish language, including varieties known asBozal Spanish,Chavacano, andPalenquero. Spanish also influenced other creole languages likeAnnobonese,Papiamento, andPichinglis.
Any number of Spanish-based pidgins have arisen due to contact between Spanish and other languages, especially in America, such as thePanare Trade Spanish used by thePanare people of Venezuela[1] andRoquetas Pidgin Spanish used by agricultural workers in Spain. However, few Spanish pidgins evercreolized with speakers of most pidgins eventually adopting Spanish or other language as their main tongue.
Bozal Spanish is a possibly extinct Spanish-based creole language that may have been a mixture ofSpanish andKikongo, withPortuguese influences.[2][page needed] Attestation is insufficient to indicate whether Bozal Spanish was ever a single, coherent or stable language, or if the term merely referred to any idiolect of Spanish that included African elements.
Bozal Spanish was spoken byAfrican slaves in theSpanish Caribbean[2][page needed] and other areas ofSouth andCentral America from the 17th century up until its possible extinction at around 1850.[3][page needed] It's influenced the variety spoken inthe Chota Valley inEcuador,[4] and a Spanish-based creole is still spoken in theBolivian Yungas.[5][page needed]
Chavacano (also Chabacano) is a group of Spanish-based creole language varieties spoken in thePhilippines that emerged during the 18th century following the colonization of the Spaniards in the Philippines. While Chavacano refers to a large number of varieties, there are three main varieties: Ternate, Manila/Cavite, and Zamboanga.Ternate and Manila/Cavite are Northern dialects from Manila Bay on Luzon Island, while Zamboanga is a Southern dialect from Mindanao Island; both of these dialects are genetically related. The variety found in Zamboanga City has the largest number of speakers and is considered to be the most stable while the other varieties are considered to be either endangered or extinct (i.e. Ermitaño).
Creole varieties are spoken in Cavite City and Ternate (both on Luzon); Zamboanga, Cotabato and Davao (on Mindanao),Isabela City and other parts of province of Basilan and elsewhere. According to a 2007census, there are 2,502,185 speakers in the Philippines. It is the major language ofZamboanga City.[citation needed]
While the different varieties of Chavacano are mostly intelligible to one another, they differ slightly in certain aspects such as in the usage of certain words and certain grammatical syntax. Most of the vocabulary comes fromSpanish, while thegrammar is mostly based on the Austronesian structure. In Zamboanga, its variant is used inprimary education,television, andradio. Recently English and Filipino words have been infiltrating the language andcode-switching between these three languages is common among younger speakers.
The name of the language stems from the Spanish wordChabacano which roughly means "tasteless", "common", or "vulgar", this Spanish word, however, has lost its original meaning and carries no negative connotation among contemporary speakers.[citation needed]
For more information see the article onChavacano, or theEthnologue Report on Chavacano.
Palenquero (alsoPalenque) is a Spanish-based creole spoken inColombia.
The ethnic group which speaks this creole consisted of only 2,500 people in 1989.
It is spoken inColombia, in the village ofSan Basilio de Palenque which is south and east ofCartagena, and in some neighborhoods ofBarranquilla.
The village was founded by fugitive slaves (Maroons) andNative Americans. Since many slaves had been only slightly exposed to contact with European people, thepalenqueros spoke creole languages derived from Spanish and from their ancestral African languages.
Spanish speakers are unable to understand Palenquero. There is some influence from theKongo language of theDemocratic Republic of Congo. In 1998, only 10% of the population younger than 25 spoke Palenquero. It is most commonly spoken by the elderly.
For more information see theEthnologue Report on Palenquero.[6]
TheAnnobonese Creole, locally calledFa d'Ambö (Fa d'Ambu or evenFá d'Ambô) is aPortuguese-based creole, similar toForro, with some borrowings from Spanish. It is spoken by 9,000 people on the islands ofAno Bom andBioko, inEquatorial Guinea. In fact, Fa d'Ambu shares the same structure of Forro (82% of lexicon).
In the 15th century, the island was uninhabited and discovered byPortugal but, by the 18th century, Portugal exchanged it and some other territories in Africa for Uruguay withSpain. Spain wanted to get territory in Africa, and Portugal wanted to enlarge even more the territory that they saw as the "New Portugal" (Brazil). Nevertheless, the populace of Ano Bom was against the shift and was hostile toward the Spaniards. This hostility, combined with their isolation from mainland Equatorial Guinea and their proximity toSão Tomé and Príncipe—just 400 km from the island—has assured the maintenance of its identity.
Fa d'Ambu has gained some words ofSpanish origin (10% of lexicon), but some words are dubious in origin because Spanish and Portuguese are closely related languages.
Papiamento is spoken in theDutch Caribbean. It is aPortuguese-based creole,[7] with a large influence fromSpanish, some influence fromDutch and a little fromIndigenous American languages,English and African languages. Spoken inAruba,Bonaire,Curaçao, by 341,300 people in 2019.[8] It was made the official language, alongside Dutch and English, in 2007.[9]
Today, theVenezuelan Spanish influence is very strong, especially on the Aruban dialect, but, due to thesimilarities between the Iberian Romance languages, it is difficult to ascertain whether a certain feature is derived from Portuguese or from Spanish.[9]
Pichinglis is spoken on Bioko island, Equatorial Guinea.It originated with the arrival ofKrio speakers from the mainland.Krio is a creole that derivesmost of its vocabulary from English, but theSpanish colonization of Guinea exerted Spanish influence on its lexicon and grammar.
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