 | |
 Spain |  Turkey |
|---|---|
| Diplomatic mission | |
| Embassy of Spain,Ankara | Embassy of Turkey,Madrid |
TheKingdom of Spain and theRepublic of Türkiye maintain diplomatic relations. Spain has an embassy inAnkara and a consulate general inIstanbul. Turkey has an embassy inMadrid and a consulate general inBarcelona.
Turkey and Spain are both members of theCouncil of Europe, theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization, theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, theWorld Trade Organization, and theUnion for the Mediterranean. Spain is also anEU member and Turkey is anEU candidate. Historically known for their imperial and economic rivalry in centuries past, today the two countries enjoy cordial diplomatic relations. There is a well-established community ofTurks in Spain, as well as a sizeable number of Spanish or Hispanophone expatriates in Turkey.
During the 16th century,Habsburg Spain and theOttoman Empire fought for supremacy in the Mediterranean.[1][2]A highlight was thebattle of Lepanto, in which the Spanish-led fleet (allied with theRepublic of Venice and thePapal States) defeated the Ottoman fleet. In North Africa, the Spanish actions against theBarbary pirates (Ottoman allies) were not successful for long. The Spanish lost Tunisia to the Ottomans in 1574.
During this time, the Ottomans welcomed manySephardi Jews andconversos fleeing from religious persecution in Spain, who introduced the Gutenberg press and theater and supported a failedMorisco revolt.The silver brought fromSpanish America caused massive inflation in Spain that extended to the rest of Europe and even the Ottoman Empire, being the cause, among others, for the decline of the Turkish Empire in the East.
Commercial relations between both empires increased during the second half of the 18th century.[3] After the start of negotiations in 1779 between the Spanish monarchy and theSublime Porte,[3] a Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Commerce was signed in 1782,[4][5] the so-calledTreaty of Constantinople [es]. While the normalization of relations logically took place after the treaty, a period of certain mutual "indifference" also ensued.[6]
A rapprochement between the Republic of Turkey, led by prime ministerAdnan Menderes, andFrancoist Spain began by the mid-20th century, and both countries signed a Treaty of Friendship in 1959.[6] This strengthening of relations continued in the 1980s, in a favourable context facilitated by circumstances such as the joining of Spain to theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1982, a military alliance to which Turkey already belonged.[6]
Spain lobbied in favour of the entry into force of theEuropean Union–Turkey Customs Union in 1995.[7] The joint action plan signed between Turkey and Spain, on 22 July 1998, established the framework of the bilateral relations between the two countries.[4] Presented to the General Assembly of the United Nations in September 2004,[8] the so-calledAlliance of Civilizations was initiated by Spanish prime ministerJosé Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, co-sponsored by the Turkish prime ministerRecep Tayyip Erdoğan.[4]
The first formal inter-governmental summit (Reunión de Alto Nivel; RAN;transl. High-Level Meeting) took place in April 2009 in Istanbul.[9]
Considered one of the main countries that supported theTurkish bid to EU membership,[4] Spain tried to push forward with some advances vis-à-vis the latter during the SpanishPresidency of the Council of the European Union in 2010, meeting the outright opposition from EU leaders such as Sarkozy or Merkel.[7]In early 2015, Spain stationed a battery ofPatriot missiles nearAdana,[10] further extending the length of the deployment afterwards.Spain imposed an arms embargo on Turkey in 2019 due toTurkey's military operation in Syria.[11]
Trade volume between Turkey and Spain was €5.99 billion in 2011.[12] There was a development in the economic field in 2015 with trade at US$8.5 billion.[13]
There are more than 610 Spanish firms operating in Turkey. The value of Spanish investments in Turkey is around $10 billion.[14]In 2008, more than 350,000 Spanish tourists visited Turkey.[15]
Around 75 Turkish firms operate in Spain. The Turkish investments in Spain reached $143 million in the period of 2002–2015.
.jpg)
|  | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
