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Armour with two or more plates spaced a distance apart falls under the category ofspaced armour. Spaced armour can be sloped or unsloped. When sloped, it reduces the penetrating power of bullets and solid shot, as after penetrating each plate projectiles tend to tumble, deflect, deform, or disintegrate; spaced armour that is not sloped is generally designed to provide protection from explosive projectiles, which detonate before reaching the primary armour. Spaced armour is used on military vehicles such as tanks and combat bulldozers. In a less common application, it is used in some spacecraft that useWhipple shields.
Tank spaced armour has been fielded since the First World War, when it was fitted to the FrenchSchneider CA1 andSaint-Chamond tanks. The late variants ofPanzer III had frontal spaced armour: a 20 mm (0.79 in) thick face-hardened steel layer in front of the 50 mm (2.0 in) thick main armour. Impacted projectiles were physically damaged by the 20 mm plate, so the main armour could withstand much greater hits.[citation needed] Due to lack of materials, German industry eventually switched toRolled Homogeneous Armour (RHA), which is less effective and due to the slower production process, the technique was not widespread on German tanks.
Many World War II–era German tanks used armoured skirts (Schürzen) to make their thinner side-armour more resistant toanti-tank rifles, contrary to popular belief that the GermanSchürzen were designed against shaped charge projectiles.[1][2] The common Russian PTRS rifles could penetrate 35 to 40 mm (1.4 to 1.6 in) of armor at common combat ranges, whereas many German tanks only had 30 mm (1.2 in) of armor on their sides. The skirts thus added 8 mm (0.31 in) of additional thickness to make up the difference, and could theoretically cause the round to tumble, improving protection against those weapons. Nevertheless these rifles continued to be useful throughout the war.[3]
Postwar analysis of spaced armour at the USAberdeen Proving Grounds found spaced armour to be ineffective if the layers are of roughly equal thickness. Numerous trials invariably showed that combinations of multiple plates provided "considerably less protection than a single solid plate of the same total thickness". This is because the midsection of plates provides more resistance to penetration than the front and rear surfaces, and thus having a thicker plate offers better performance. Instead additional layers of armour should be the thinnest required to obtain the possibility of fracturing the projectile, which has the best results in improving protection, though this effect was not consistent and could be mitigated by improved projectile design. Projectiles impacting against sloped spaced armour at greater standoff ranges could also result in the projectile turning to impact the second plate at a more perpendicular angle, making the added armour worse than nothing.[4] This is because a projectile penetrating a plate is deflected towards thenormal, an effect that could ruin an armour scheme.[5]
Though spaced armour appeared in some tanks like theLeopard 1 and theMerkava, the armour scheme was not considered to offer sufficiently better protection against armour-piercing projectiles to justify the increased complication they posed, and thus their use on post-war tanks was limited and eventually superseded by more effective composite armour.[6]
Most of theCold War spaced armour was designed against medium-to-low caliber kinetic munitions, (e.g.30 mm (1.2 in) autocannon and76 mm (3.0 in) HESH rounds), especially vehicle side skirts. Most of them were made of RHA plates (Centurion), or thick reinforced rubbers (T-72), and worked in the same way as did WWII-era ones. Some WWII armoured vehicles used nets of wooden logs at a certain distance from the hull as makeshift spaced armour to protect the vehicle frommagnetic mines,thrown shaped charges and grenades, and occasionally suicidal methods (e.g. the Japaneselunge mine). This method occurred on USM4 Sherman and SovietT-34 medium tanks among others.
The idea is that this thin layer of armour detonates explosive warheads prematurely. Such techniques were effective in warships against armour piercing shells with short fuzes.[5]High-explosive anti-tank-type warheads (HEAT) however use a focused hypervelocity jet of copper or steel to penetrate armour. To be effective, HEAT warheads must detonate at a specific distance from the target's primary armour to ensure maximum penetration. Early detonation may reduce the penetration of HEAT ammunition, but it may in fact improve penetration if the round was originally detonating too close to the armour. Due to constraints in the length of projectiles, many designs intentionally detonate closer than the optimum distance, with optimal penetration requiring a standoff distance of over a meter for many early projectiles. Thus conventional skirts are ineffective against HEAT.[7][8][4]
To increase effectiveness of skirts against HEAT weaponsearly T-64s had "gill" skirts. It contained a few short skirts on the side of the vehicle which are opened in open terrain at an angle of between 30–45°, increasing the space between the armour and the plate. It was effective (mass-to-efficiency ratio), but easily detached from the vehicle so it did not spread widely.[citation needed]
Military researchers tried to increase the efficiency of armour by changing the used materials and varying the armour layout, leading to more complexcomposite armour, which can incorporate empty spaces.
TheWhipple shield uses the principle of spaced armour to protect spacecraft from the impacts of very fastmicrometeoroids. The impact with the first wall melts or breaks up the incoming particle, causing fragments to be spread over a wider area when striking the subsequent walls.