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Aspace vehicle is the combination of aspacecraft and itslaunch vehicle which carries it into space. The earliest space vehicles wereexpendable launch systems, using a single ormultistage rocket to carry a relatively small spacecraft in proportion to the total vehicle size and mass.[1] An early exception to this, theSpace Shuttle, consisted of a reusableorbital vehicle carrying crew and payload, supported by an expendableexternal propellant tank and two reusablesolid-fuel booster rockets.
Reusable launch systems are currently being developed by private industry.
Early spacecraft or space vehicles were sometimes known as "spaceships",[2][3] a term which comes fromscience fiction to designate a hypothetical vehicle which travels beyondlow Earth orbit and is 100% reusable, needing only to be refueled like an airplane.
In the 1865Jules Verne novelFrom the Earth to the Moon, successful attempts are made to launch three people in a projectile with the goal of a Moon landing. In 1880,The Pall Mall Gazette described Verne’sColumbiad as a "space-ship" — the first recorded use of this term.[4]
The concept of a "space ship" (or "rocket ship") was further developed in twentieth centuryscience fiction such asFlash Gordon, as a self-contained, presumably rocket-powered, unitized vehicle capable of reaching an extraterrestrial destination keeping its structure intact, and requiring only refueling, like an airplane. Real-world rocket technology did not make this possible; while the airplane requires an amount of fuel occupying a relatively small fraction of the total size and mass, the rocket requires anoxidizer in order to operate in the vacuum of space.[5] It also cannot use atmospheric air as itspropellant; this function is served by the high-volume and high-mass fuel and oxidizer. Also, the high amount of energy required to reach at leastlow Earth orbital speed requires an extremely high proportion of propellant to dry vehicle mass. Also, mid-twentieth century structural technologies made it impossible to construct a single set ofpropellant tanks capable of holding enough mass to reach the required velocity. Thus, expendablemulti-stagelaunch vehicles were the necessary design choice when spaceflight began in the late 1950s. However, starting in the 1990s, developmental work began on such unitarysingle-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) space vehicles with projects likeX-33,Roton,McDonnell Douglas DC-X, andSkylon. By 2020, most SSTO developmental projects had failed with the exception of Skylon, which continues development.
A majority of space vehicles currently in use are expendable, designed to carry a single payload into space but not for recovery and reuse. They typically consist ofseveral stages which detach in sequence as the vehicle gains speed and altitude andpropellant is exhausted.
Reusable launch systems are capable of launching multiple payloads and can be recovered after each use. The only fully reusable space vehicles currently in use areNew Shepard andSpaceShipTwo. Both of them performsuborbital spaceflights.SpaceX is developing theirStarship to be a fully reusable orbital space vehicle.
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